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Context Effects in Psychology: How Our Surroundings Shape Our Perceptions and Decisions
Introduction:
Have you ever noticed how the same object can seem different depending on its surroundings? A shirt might look vibrant in a dimly lit store but drab under bright sunlight. This isn't just about lighting; it's a powerful psychological phenomenon known as context effects. This comprehensive guide delves into the fascinating world of context effects in psychology, exploring how our environment, past experiences, and even the wording of a question subtly influence our perceptions, judgments, and decisions. We'll examine various types of context effects, their real-world implications, and how they impact everything from eyewitness testimony to marketing strategies. Prepare to have your understanding of perception and decision-making reshaped!
What are Context Effects in Psychology?
Context effects refer to the influence of surrounding information or circumstances on our interpretation of a stimulus. It highlights that our perception isn't a passive reception of information but an active process heavily shaped by the context in which we encounter it. Unlike objective reality, our subjective experience is constantly molded by the context. This means that the same stimulus—a word, an image, an event—can evoke drastically different responses depending on its context. Understanding these effects is crucial because they reveal the inherent subjectivity of our perceptions and the limitations of relying solely on immediate sensory input for accurate judgment.
Types of Context Effects:
Several distinct types of context effects have been identified and extensively researched:
1. Priming Effects: Priming refers to the activation of certain concepts or associations in memory, which then influences our subsequent responses. For example, if you're exposed to words related to "elderly" (e.g., wrinkle, slow), you might walk more slowly afterwards without consciously realizing it. This seemingly subtle influence demonstrates the power of priming to shape behavior.
2. Framing Effects: How information is presented (or "framed") significantly impacts our choices. Consider this classic example: A disease is expected to kill 600 people. Program A saves 200 lives. Program B has a 33% chance of saving 600 lives and a 67% chance of saving no one. Most people prefer Program A, even though both programs offer the same expected outcome. The framing—focusing on lives saved versus lives lost—alters our risk preference.
3. Anchoring Bias: Our initial exposure to information, even if irrelevant, can act as an "anchor" for subsequent judgments. Imagine you're negotiating the price of a car. The seller starts with a high price, which—even if unreasonable—influences your perception of what constitutes a "fair" price. This initial anchor biases your final offer, making you potentially pay more than you otherwise would.
4. Serial Position Effect: This effect relates to memory recall. Items presented at the beginning (primacy effect) and the end (recency effect) of a list are better remembered than those in the middle. This has significant implications for presentations, speeches, and even the order in which information is presented in marketing materials.
5. Contrast Effects: The perception of a stimulus is influenced by the stimuli that precede or follow it. For example, a moderately priced item might seem expensive if it's preceded by much cheaper options, and vice versa. Marketers often use this effect by strategically placing higher-priced items alongside their target products.
Real-World Implications of Context Effects:
Context effects extend far beyond the confines of the psychology laboratory. They have profound implications in various areas of life:
Eyewitness Testimony: The context in which a crime is witnessed (lighting, stress, suggestive questioning) can dramatically alter an eyewitness's recollection of events, potentially leading to wrongful convictions.
Marketing and Advertising: Businesses leverage context effects through strategic product placement, pricing strategies, and the framing of advertisements to influence consumer behavior and purchasing decisions.
Political Discourse: The way political issues are framed (e.g., emphasizing gains versus losses) can profoundly impact public opinion and voting patterns.
Medical Diagnosis: A doctor's prior experience and the patient's presentation (symptoms, demeanor) can influence their diagnostic judgment, highlighting the importance of unbiased assessments.
Legal Judgments: Judges' decisions can be unconsciously swayed by factors like the defendant's appearance, the order of evidence presented, and even the time of day.
Mitigating the Influence of Context Effects:
While context effects are a fundamental aspect of human cognition, we can employ strategies to mitigate their potentially harmful impacts:
Awareness: Recognizing the existence and influence of context effects is the first step towards reducing their bias.
Structured Decision-Making: Using checklists, decision matrices, and other structured approaches can minimize the influence of irrelevant contextual factors.
Seeking Diverse Perspectives: Consulting with others and considering multiple viewpoints can help counteract personal biases introduced by context.
Controlled Environments: In situations where accurate perception is crucial (e.g., forensic science), controlling the environment to minimize extraneous influences is essential.
Book Outline: Understanding Context Effects
Name: Unlocking the Power of Context: How Our Surroundings Shape Our Minds
Outline:
Introduction: Defining context effects and their relevance.
Chapter 1: Types of Context Effects: A detailed exploration of priming, framing, anchoring, serial position, and contrast effects with real-world examples.
Chapter 2: Neural Mechanisms: Examining the brain processes underlying context effects.
Chapter 3: Context Effects in Everyday Life: Analyzing the impact on memory, decision-making, social interactions, and legal proceedings.
Chapter 4: Mitigating Bias: Strategies for reducing the negative impacts of context effects.
Chapter 5: Future Research Directions: Exploring unanswered questions and potential avenues for future research.
Conclusion: Summarizing key findings and reiterating the importance of understanding context effects.
(The following sections would expand upon each chapter in the book outline above, providing detailed explanations and examples. Due to length constraints, these detailed explanations are omitted here. The above outline provides a framework for a significantly longer article or book.)
FAQs:
1. Are context effects always negative? No, context effects can be beneficial. For example, appropriate framing can enhance persuasion for positive outcomes (e.g., promoting healthy behaviors).
2. How can I avoid being influenced by context effects? Increased awareness, structured decision-making, and seeking diverse perspectives are crucial strategies.
3. Do context effects affect everyone equally? No, individual differences in personality, experience, and cognitive abilities can influence susceptibility to context effects.
4. What role do emotions play in context effects? Emotions can significantly modulate the impact of context, making us more or less susceptible depending on the emotional state.
5. Are context effects a flaw in human cognition? Not necessarily. They are a natural outcome of our brain's efficient information processing strategies.
6. How are context effects studied in research? Researchers use various experimental designs, including priming paradigms, framing tasks, and memory recall tests.
7. Can context effects be manipulated for unethical purposes? Yes, context effects can be exploited to manipulate individuals through misleading framing, suggestive questioning, or other deceptive techniques.
8. What are the ethical considerations of manipulating context effects? Transparency and informed consent are crucial when manipulating context effects, especially in research or marketing.
9. How can the understanding of context effects improve communication? By being aware of how context shapes interpretation, we can communicate more effectively and avoid misunderstandings.
Related Articles:
1. The Power of Priming: Subtle Influences on Behavior: Explores the mechanisms and effects of priming on various aspects of human behavior.
2. Framing Effects and Decision-Making: Focuses on how the presentation of information impacts choices in various contexts.
3. Anchoring Bias: The Power of First Impressions: Examines the influence of initial information on subsequent judgments.
4. The Serial Position Effect: Why We Remember the Beginning and End: Details the mechanisms and implications of the serial position effect on memory.
5. Contrast Effects: How We Perceive Differences: Explores how the perception of a stimulus is influenced by surrounding stimuli.
6. Eyewitness Testimony and the Fallibility of Memory: Examines the influence of context on eyewitness accounts and their reliability.
7. Cognitive Biases and Decision-Making: Provides an overview of common cognitive biases, including context effects.
8. The Psychology of Persuasion: Using Context to Influence Attitudes and Behaviors: Explores how context is used in persuasive communication.
9. Improving Judgment and Decision-Making: Strategies to Reduce Cognitive Biases: Offers techniques for mitigating the negative effects of cognitive biases, including context effects.
| context effects in psychology: Context Effects in Social and Psychological Research Norbert Schwarz, Seymour Sudman, 1992 0 e The contributors to this book review our current knowledge of context effects in survey research, psychological testing, and social judgement. Drawing on recent developments in cognitive psychology, they offer theoretical accounts of the conditions that lead to the emergence of various context effects and report a number of new experimental studies. At stake now are clear, practical needs in the structuring of reliable tests, and a strong interest to develop a coherent theoretical framework to assess and scrutinize context effects, in addition to the desire to align some of the findings in survey research studies with the discoveries made in the information-processing field. This book attests to a fruitful dialogue between cognitive psychologists and survey researchers, as the cognitive processes initiated by question probes are really beginning to be understood and context effects classified and differentiated. |
| context effects in psychology: Context Effects in Social and Psychological Research Norbert Schwarz, Seymour Sudman, 2012-12-06 0 e The contributors to this book review our current knowledge of context effects in survey research, psychological testing, and social judgement. Drawing on recent developments in cognitive psychology, they offer theoretical accounts of the conditions that lead to the emergence of various context effects and report a number of new experimental studies. At stake now are clear, practical needs in the structuring of reliable tests, and a strong interest to develop a coherent theoretical framework to assess and scrutinize context effects, in addition to the desire to align some of the findings in survey research studies with the discoveries made in the information-processing field. This book attests to a fruitful dialogue between cognitive psychologists and survey researchers, as the cognitive processes initiated by question probes are really beginning to be understood and context effects classified and differentiated. |
| context effects in psychology: Cognition and Motor Processes W. Prinz, A. F. Sanders, 2012-12-06 The issue of the relationship between cognition and motor processes can be - and has been - raised at different levels of analysis. At the neurophysiological level it refers to the interactions between afferent and efferent information. At the neurological and neuropsychological level it relates to the mutual dependencies between the sensory and the motor part of the brain, or, more precisely, between sensory and motor functions of various parts of the brain. In psychology, the issue under debate concerns, at a molecular level, the relationship between percep tion and movement or, at a more molar level, the relations between cognition and action. For the title of this book we deliberately decided to combine two terms that are taken from two of these levels ,in order to emphasize both the multilevel structure of the issues involved and the multidis ciplinary nature of the following contributions. Although the term cognition has been tremendously misused in recent years (at least in psychology), it is still the only term available to serve as a convenient collective name for all sorts of cognitive processes and functions. |
| context effects in psychology: Modeling Contextual Effects in Longitudinal Studies Todd D. Little, James A. Bovaird, Noel A. Card, 2007-03-21 This volume reviews the challenges and alternative approaches to modeling how individuals change across time and provides methodologies and data analytic strategies for behavioral and social science researchers. This accessible guide provides concrete, clear examples of how contextual factors can be included in most research studies. Each chapter can be understood independently, allowing readers to first focus on areas most relevant to their work. The opening chapter demonstrates the various ways contextual factors are represented—as covariates, predictors, outcomes, moderators, mediators, or mediated effects. Succeeding chapters review best practice techniques for treating missing data, making model comparisons, and scaling across developmental age ranges. Other chapters focus on specific statistical techniques such as multilevel modeling and multiple-group and multilevel SEM, and how to incorporate tests of mediation, moderation, and moderated mediation. Critical measurement and theoretical issues are discussed, particularly how age can be represented and the ways in which context can be conceptualized. The final chapter provides a compelling call to include contextual factors in theorizing and research. This book will appeal to researchers and advanced students conducting developmental, social, clinical, or educational research, as well as those in related areas such as psychology and linguistics. |
| context effects in psychology: Contextual Social Psychology Thomas F. Pettigrew, 2020 This compelling book offers insight into the advantages of contextual social psychology, applying these analyses to critical topics such as prejudice, far-right voting patterns, relative deprivation, and intergroup contact. |
| context effects in psychology: Social Information Processing and Survey Methodology Hans-J. Hippler, Norbert Schwarz, Seymour Sudman, 2012-12-06 Survey researchers have long been aware that the way in which questions are asked determines the obtained responses. However, the exact processes that mediate response effects remained elusive. In the present volume, cognitive psychologists and survey methodologists explore the cognitive processes that underlie respondents' answers to survey questions. The contributors provide an introduction to information processing theories for survey researchers, review current knowledge of response effects in the light of recent theorizing in cognitive psychology, and report a number of experimental studies on question context and question wording. In combination, the chapters provide a theoretical framework for the analysis of response effects in surveys and raise a number of applied and theoretical issues that have so far not been addressed in cognitive psychology. |
| context effects in psychology: On-line Cognition in Person Perception John N. Bassili, 2013-02-01 The contributors to this collection focus on the cognitive processes that take place during the initial acquisition of information about others (on-line processes) rather than later when memory processes begin playing a dominant role (memory-based processes). Utilizing the methods and concepts of social cognition, the book illustrates how the study of on-line cognition can further our understanding of person perception. On-Line Cognition in Person Perception also examines the special cognitive dynamics that are associated with such processes within the domain of social perception. |
| context effects in psychology: Cognitive Processing of the Chinese and the Japanese Languages C.K. Leong, Katsuo Tamaoka, 2013-03-09 The area of cognitive processing of Chinese and Japanese is currently attracting a great deal of attention by leading cognitive psychologists. They aim to find out the similarities and differences in processing the morphosyllabic Chinese and Japanese syllabary as compared with alphabetic language systems. Topics under the processing of Chinese include: the use of phonological codes in visual identification of Chinese words, the constraint on such phonological activation, recognition of Chinese homophones, Chinese sentence comprehension and children's errors in writing Chinese characters. Topics under the processing of Japanese include: the automatic recognition of kanji within an interactive-activation framework, On-reading and Kun-reading of kanji characters, processing differences between hiragana and kanji, the effect of polysemy on katakana script, and the writing behavior of Japanese and non-Japanese speakers. The interactive-activation model provides the phonologic-orthographic links in processing both language systems. The present volume should add greatly to our understanding of this topic. Many of the contributors are internationally known for their experimental psychological work. |
| context effects in psychology: Context Effects in Social and Psychological Research Norbert Schwarz, Seymour Sudman, 1991-11-01 |
| context effects in psychology: Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology Adam Joinson, Katelyn McKenna, Tom Postmes, Ulf-Dietrich Reips, 2009-02-12 Over one billion people use the Internet globally. Psychologists are beginning to understand what people do online, and the impact being online has on behaviour. It's making us re-think many of our existing assumptions about what it means to be a social being. For instance, if we can talk, flirt, meet people and fall in love online, this challenges many of psychology's theories that intimacy or understanding requires physical co-presence. The Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology brings together many of the leading researchers in what can be termed 'Internet Psychology'. Though a very new area of research, it is growing at a phenomenal pace. In addition to well-studied areas of investigation, such as social identity theory, computer-mediated communication and virtual communities, the volume also includes chapters on topics as diverse as deception and misrepresentation, attitude change and persuasion online, Internet addiction, online relationships, privacy and trust, health and leisure use of the Internet, and the nature of interactivity. With over 30 chapters written by experts in the field, the range and depth of coverage is unequalled, and serves to define this emerging area of research. Uniquely, this content is supported by an entire section covering the use of the Internet as a research tool, including qualitative and quantitative methods, online survey design, personality testing, ethics, and technological and design issues. While it is likely to be a popular research resource to be 'dipped into', as a whole volume it is coherent and compelling enough to act as a single text book. The Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology is the definitive text on this burgeoning field. It will be an essential resource for anyone interested in the psychological aspects of Internet use, or planning to conduct research using the 'net'. |
| context effects in psychology: Time Pressure and Stress in Human Judgment and Decision Making A.J. Maule, O. Svenson, 2013-03-09 Some years ago we, the editors of this volume, found out about each other's deeply rooted interest in the concept of time, the usage of time, and the effects of shortage of time on human thought and behavior. Since then we have fostered the idea of bringing together different perspectives in this area. We are now, there fore, very content that our idea has materialized in the present volume. There is both anecdotal and empirical evidence to suggest that time con straints may affect behavior. Managers and other professional decision makers frequently identify time pressure as a major constraint on their behavior (Isen berg, 1984). Chamberlain and Zika (1990) provide empirical support for this view, showing that complaints of insufficient time are the most frequently report ed everyday minor stressors or hassles for all groups of people except the elderly. Similarly, studies in occupational settings have identified time pressure as one of the central components of workload (Derrich, 1988; O'Donnel & Eggemeier, 1986). |
| context effects in psychology: The Oxford Handbook of Psychological Situations John F. Rauthmann, Ryne Sherman, David C. Funder, 2020-07-01 Situations matter. They let people express their personalities and values; provoke motivations, emotions, and behaviors; and are the contexts in which people reason and act. The psychological assessment of situations is a new and rapidly developing area of research, particularly within the fields of personality and social psychology. This volume compiles state-of-the-art knowledge on psychological situations in chapters written by experts in their respective research areas. Bringing together historical reviews, theoretical pieces, methodological descriptions, and empirical applications, this volume is the definitive, go-to source for a psychology of situations. |
| context effects in psychology: Memory and Control of Action , 2011-10-10 Memory and Control of Action |
| context effects in psychology: The Social Psychology of Knowledge Daniel Bar-Tal, Arie W. Kruglanski, 1988-07-21 This collection brings a new perspective to research in social cognition. It assembles 15 chapters aiming to provide an innovative and integrative analysis of the phenomenon of human knowledge. |
| context effects in psychology: The Construction of Preference Sarah Lichtenstein, Paul Slovic, 2006-08-28 One of the main themes that has emerged from behavioral decision research during the past three decades is the view that people's preferences are often constructed in the process of elicitation. This idea is derived from studies demonstrating that normatively equivalent methods of elicitation (e.g., choice and pricing) give rise to systematically different responses. These preference reversals violate the principle of procedure invariance that is fundamental to all theories of rational choice. If different elicitation procedures produce different orderings of options, how can preferences be defined and in what sense do they exist? This book shows not only the historical roots of preference construction but also the blossoming of the concept within psychology, law, marketing, philosophy, environmental policy, and economics. Decision making is now understood to be a highly contingent form of information processing, sensitive to task complexity, time pressure, response mode, framing, reference points, and other contextual factors. |
| context effects in psychology: The Oxford Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology Kay Deaux, Mark Snyder, 2018-10-02 The second edition of The Oxford Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology beautifully captures the history, current status, and future prospects of personality and social psychology. Building on the successes and strengths of the first edition, this second edition of the Handbook combines the two fields of personality and social psychology into a single, integrated volume, offering readers a unique and generative agenda for psychology. Over their history, personality and social psychology have had varying relationships with each other-sometimes highly overlapping and intertwined, other times contrasting and competing. Edited by Kay Deaux and Mark Snyder, this Handbook is dedicated to the proposition that personality and social psychology are best viewed in conjunction with one another and that the synergy to be gained from considering links between the two fields can do much to move both areas of research forward in order to better enrich our collective understanding of human nature. Contributors to this Handbook not only offer readers fascinating examples of work that cross the boundaries of personality and social psychology, but present their work in such a way that thinks deeply about the ways in which a unified social-personality perspective can provide us with a greater understanding of the phenomena that concern psychological investigators. The chapters of this Handbook effortlessly weave together work from both disciplines, not only in areas of longstanding concern, but also in newly emerging fields of inquiry, addressing both distinctive contributions and common ground. In so doing, they offer compelling evidence for the power and the potential of an integrated approach to personality and social psychology today. |
| context effects in psychology: The Memory System of the Brain Jean Delacour, 1994 The purpose of this book is to describe the memory system of the brain, taking into account all the levels of neural organization: molecule, cell, small network, and anatomical circuit. This synthetic approach is necessary for determining the real mechanisms among the potential ones, that is the neural bases of learning and memory in intact organisms functioning under normal conditions. For this purpose, data from molecular, cellular and behavioral neurobiology, neuropsychology, animal and human psychology, and neural modellization are comprehensively reviewed by leading specialists and brought together in an original synthesis. |
| context effects in psychology: Experimental Pragmatics Ira Noveck, 2018-10-11 Explains the phenomena, theoretical debates, experiments and historical development of experimental pragmatics, which investigates how utterances communicate a speaker's intended meaning. |
| context effects in psychology: The Psychology of Survey Response Roger Tourangeau, Lance J. Rips, Kenneth Rasinski, 2000-03-13 This valuable book examines the complex psychological processes involved in answering different types of survey questions. Drawing on both classic and modern research from cognitive psychology, social psychology, and survey methodology, the authors examine how survey responses are formulated and they demonstrate how seemingly unimportant features of the survey can affect the answers obtained. The book provides a comprehensive review of the sources of response errors in surveys, and it offers a coherent theory of the relation between the underlying views of the public and the results of public opinion polls. Topics include the comprehension of survey questions, the recall of relevant facts and beliefs, estimation and inferential processes people use to answer survey questions, the sources of the apparent instability of public opinion, the difficulties in getting responses into the required format, and the distortions introduced into surveys by deliberate misreporting. |
| context effects in psychology: The Mind in Context Batja Mesquita, Lisa Feldman Barrett, Eliot R. Smith, 2010-01-29 Most psychology research still assumes that mental processes are internal to the person, waiting to be expressed or activated. This compelling book illustrates that a new paradigm is forming in which contextual factors are considered central to the workings of the mind. Leading experts explore how psychological processes emerge from the transactions of individuals with their physical, social, and cultural environments. The volume showcases cutting-edge research on the contextual nature of such phenomena as gene expression, brain networks, the regulation of hormones, perception, cognition, personality, knowing, learning, and emotion. |
| context effects in psychology: Psychology of Change Katherine J. Reynolds, Nyla R. Branscombe, 2014-11-20 Choice Recommended Read This volume tackles the critical question of whether people change or whether they remain relatively constant across the lifespan. Much existing literature in psychology has largely endorsed the concept of stability. Indeed, in many people’s minds, the person is understood to be set in stone, as a function of early socialization and reaching a particular stage of development, evolutionary processes, or traits that are hard-wired from the beginning by genes and biology. However, in recent years, important scientific developments in theory and research concerning the psychology of change have emerged. In contrast to the commonly held conception of the individual as fixed, this research illustrates how malleable people are—showing much behavioral plasticity. The chapters in this volume, written by scholars at the cutting-edge of research into the psychology of change, showcase these developments with the aim of advancing knowledge of the field and encouraging further research. Topics addressed include brain function, cognitive performance, personality, psychological well-being, collective action to achieve social change, responses to life stressors, and political change. The message is clear—the culture we live in, what happens to us along the way, and who we think we are and want to be, can all change people. |
| context effects in psychology: Modeling and Using Context Varol Akman, Paolo Bouquet, Richmond Thomason, Roger A. Young, 2003-06-30 Context has emerged as a central concept in a variety of contemporary app- aches to reasoning. The conference at which the papers in this volume were presented was the third international, interdisciplinary conference on the topic of context, and was held in Dundee, Scotland on July 27-30, 2001. The ?rst conference in this series was held in Rio de Janiero in 1997, and the second in Trento in 1999. Like the previous conferences, CONTEXT 2001 was remarkably successful in bringing together representatives of many di?erent ?elds, spanning the entire range of the cognitive and informational sciences, and with interests ranging from speci?c, commercial applications to highly general philosophical and logical theories. The papers collected here demonstrate well the range of context-related - search. While foundational problems remain, and continue to be discussed in many of the contributions collected in this volume, the work shows increased - phistication about what forms of reasoning are important, and what techniques are appropriate in accounting for them. The papers themselves, however, do not convey the lively excitement of the conference itself, and the continuing spirit of cooperation and communication across disciplines that has been the hallmark of these conferences. We are very pleased that the ?eld of context research has shown over four years intense, sustained development while retaining this sense of interdisciplinary cooperation. |
| context effects in psychology: The SAGE Handbook of Multilevel Modeling Marc A. Scott, Jeffrey S. Simonoff, Brian D. Marx, 2013-08-31 In this important new Handbook, the editors have gathered together a range of leading contributors to introduce the theory and practice of multilevel modeling. The Handbook establishes the connections in multilevel modeling, bringing together leading experts from around the world to provide a roadmap for applied researchers linking theory and practice, as well as a unique arsenal of state-of-the-art tools. It forges vital connections that cross traditional disciplinary divides and introduces best practice in the field. Part I establishes the framework for estimation and inference, including chapters dedicated to notation, model selection, fixed and random effects, and causal inference. Part II develops variations and extensions, such as nonlinear, semiparametric and latent class models. Part III includes discussion of missing data and robust methods, assessment of fit and software. Part IV consists of exemplary modeling and data analyses written by methodologists working in specific disciplines. Combining practical pieces with overviews of the field, this Handbook is essential reading for any student or researcher looking to apply multilevel techniques in their own research. |
| context effects in psychology: Memory and Cognition in Its Social Context Robert S. Wyer, Jr., Thomas K. Srull, 2014-02-04 The first comprehensive theoretical formulation of the way people use information they receive about their social environments to make judgments and behavioral decisions, this volume focuses on the cognitive processes that underlie the use of social information. These include initial interpretation, the representations used to make inferences, and the transformation of these subjective inferences into overt judgment and behavior. In addition, it specifies the role of affect and emotion in information processing, and the role of self-knowledge at different stages of processing. The theoretical model presented here is the first to provide a conceptual integration of existing theory and research in all phases of social information processing. It not only accounts for the major portion of existing research findings, but permits several hypotheses to be generated concerning phenomena that have not yet been empirically investigated. Although focused here on the processing of information about people and events, the formulation proposed has implications for other domains such as personnel appraisal, political decision making, and consumer behavior. |
| context effects in psychology: First Impressions Nalini Ambady, John Joseph Skowronski, 2008-05-23 This volume brings together leading investigators to explore the science of first impressions: how they are formed, their underlying processes, and effects on emotions, cognitions, and behavior. Integrating cutting-edge theories, methods, and findings from diverse research traditions, the book accessibly conveys the big picture of this dynamic area of study. Showcasing the best current work on a fundamental aspect of person perception and social cognition, this book will be read with interest by researchers and students in social and personality psychology, as well as scholars in applied domains. It will fill a unique niche as a text in graduate-level courses. |
| context effects in psychology: The Psychology of Word Meanings Paula J. Schwanenflugel, 2013-06-17 This volume contains perspectives from a collection of cognitive scientists on the psychological, philosophical, and educational issues surrounding the meanings of words and how these meanings are learned and accessed. It features chapters covering the nature and structure of word meaning, how new word meanings are acquired in childhood and later on in life, and how research in word processing may tell us something about the way in which word meanings are represented and how they relate to the language processor. |
| context effects in psychology: Basic Processes in Reading Derek Besner, Glyn W. Humphreys, 1991 First Published in 1990. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company. |
| context effects in psychology: The Psychology of Later Life Manfred Diehl, Hans-Werner Wahl, 2020 Renowned experts in adult development and aging, Manfred Diehl and Hans-Werner Wahl synthesize decades of psychological research into a comprehensive volume that considers later life in the context of lifespan development, social and physical environmental factors, and historical-cultural influences. In so doing, they review important research on cognitive functioning, behavioral processes, personality and identity development, and overall well-being in middle to late adulthood. Diehl and Wahl's three-part framework helps readers better understand that the development process is influenced by multiple factors and can take many different trajectories. Through this contextualized perspective, they examine the influence that previous life experiences, beginning in early childhood, can have on the aging process in older adults. This includes social relations, technological advances, societal perspectives on aging, and education. The authors also examine the challenges and opportunities of aging, using a strength-based approach to promote a diverse, nuanced understanding of successful, healthy aging. Chapters also conclude with dialogues from other experts in the field, offering multiple different perspectives on the research. |
| context effects in psychology: Library of Congress Subject Headings Library of Congress. Office for Subject Cataloging Policy, 1992 |
| context effects in psychology: Library of Congress Subject Headings Library of Congress, Library of Congress. Subject Cataloging Division, Library of Congress. Office for Subject Cataloging Policy, 2013 |
| context effects in psychology: Cognitive Aspects of Survey Methodology Thomas B. Jabine, 1984 |
| context effects in psychology: Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Leonard Berkowitz, 1969 |
| context effects in psychology: The Handbook of Social Psychology Gardner Lindzey, 1998 This handbook for social psychologists has been updated to reflect changes in the field since its original publication. New topics include emotions, self, and automaticity, and it is structured to show the levels of analysis used by psychologists. |
| context effects in psychology: Handbook of the History of Social Psychology Arie W. Kruglanski, Wolfgang Stroebe, 2012 This is the first ever handbook to comprehensively cover the historical development of the field of social psychology, including the main overarching approaches and all the major individual topics. Contributors are all world renowned scientists in their subfields who engagingly describe the people, dynamics, and events that have shaped the discipline--Provided by publisher. |
| context effects in psychology: Attitude Strength Richard E. Petty, Jon A. Krosnick, 2014-01-14 Social psychologists have long recognized the possibility that attitudes might differ from one another in terms of their strength, but only recently had the profound implications of this view been explored. Yet because investigators in the area were pursuing interesting but independent programs of research exploring different aspects of strength, there was little articulation of assumptions underlying the work, and little effort to establish a common research agenda. The goals of this book are to highlight these assumptions, to review the discoveries this work has produced, and to suggest directions for future work in the area. The chapter authors include individuals who have made significant contributions to the published literature and represent a diversity of perspectives on the topic. In addition to providing an overview of the broad area of attitude strength, particular chapters deal in depth with specific features of attitudes related to strength and integrate the diverse bodies of relevant theory and empirical evidence. The book will be of interest to graduate students initiating work on attitudes as well as to longstanding scholars in the field. Because of the many potential directions for application of work on attitude strength to amelioration of social problems, the book will be valuable to scholars in various applied disciplines such as political science, marketing, sociology, public opinion, and others studying attitudinal phenomena. |
| context effects in psychology: Library of Congress Subject Headings Library of Congress. Cataloging Policy and Support Office, 1997 |
| context effects in psychology: Library of Congress Subject Headings , 2009 |
| context effects in psychology: Psychology Library Editions: Psychology of Reading Various Authors, 2021-03-01 The psychology of reading investigates the process by which readers extract visual information from written text and make sense of it. Psychology Library Editions: Psychology of Reading (11 Volumes) brings together as one set, or individual volumes, a small series of previously out-of-print titles, originally published between 1980 and 1995. The set includes topics such as dyslexia and the relationship between speech and reading. |
| context effects in psychology: Psychology of Learning and Motivation , 1990-01-26 Psychology of Learning and Motivation |
| context effects in psychology: Issues in Psychology and Psychiatry Research and Practice: 2013 Edition , 2013-05-01 Issues in Psychology and Psychiatry Research and Practice: 2013 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ book that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Additional Research. The editors have built Issues in Psychology and Psychiatry Research and Practice: 2013 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Additional Research in this book to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Psychology and Psychiatry Research and Practice: 2013 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/. |
