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What is Cotransport? A Deep Dive into Coupled Membrane Transport
Introduction:
Ever wondered how cells move substances across their membranes against their concentration gradient – a process that requires energy? It's not always about direct energy expenditure like ATP hydrolysis. Sometimes, cells utilize a clever trick called cotransport, a fascinating mechanism of membrane transport. This comprehensive guide will unravel the intricacies of cotransport, explaining its mechanisms, types, importance, and real-world applications. We'll delve into the specifics, leaving no stone unturned in our exploration of this crucial cellular process. Prepare to gain a thorough understanding of what cotransport is and its significance in biological systems.
1. Understanding Membrane Transport: A Quick Recap
Before diving into cotransport, let's briefly review the fundamental principles of membrane transport. Cell membranes are selectively permeable, meaning they control the passage of substances in and out. This control is vital for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Transport mechanisms are broadly categorized into:
Passive Transport: Movement of substances across the membrane without energy expenditure. This includes simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.
Active Transport: Movement of substances against their concentration gradient, requiring energy, typically in the form of ATP. This often involves protein pumps.
Cotransport occupies a unique niche between these categories. While it's a form of active transport because it moves a substance against its concentration gradient, it doesn't directly use ATP. Instead, it cleverly couples the movement of one substance with the movement of another, leveraging the energy stored in the concentration gradient of the second substance.
2. The Mechanics of Cotransport: How it Works
Cotransport, also known as coupled transport or secondary active transport, involves the simultaneous movement of two different substances across a cell membrane via a single membrane protein – a cotransporter or symporter. One substance moves down its concentration gradient (from high to low concentration), providing the energy for the other substance to move against its concentration gradient (from low to high concentration). This coupling is the key to the mechanism. Think of it like a water wheel: the downhill flow of water (one substance) turns the wheel, providing the energy to lift a bucket uphill (the other substance).
There are two main types of cotransport:
Symport: Both substances move in the same direction across the membrane. For example, glucose and sodium ions are often cotransported into intestinal epithelial cells using a sodium-glucose linked transporter (SGLT). The movement of sodium ions down their concentration gradient drives the uptake of glucose against its gradient.
Antiport: The two substances move in opposite directions across the membrane. A classic example is the sodium-calcium exchanger (NCX) in cardiac muscle cells. The influx of sodium ions (down its gradient) drives the efflux of calcium ions (against its gradient), helping regulate calcium levels within the cell.
3. Key Players: The Cotransporter Proteins
Cotransporter proteins are integral membrane proteins with specific binding sites for both transported substances. Their structure and conformation change during the transport process, ensuring the coupled movement of both substances. The affinity of the cotransporter for each substance is crucial for the efficiency of the transport. These proteins are highly regulated, responding to cellular needs and environmental signals. Mutations or malfunctions in cotransporter proteins can lead to various diseases.
4. Physiological Significance of Cotransport
Cotransport plays a vital role in various physiological processes across different organisms:
Nutrient Absorption: The absorption of glucose and amino acids in the intestines relies heavily on cotransport mechanisms, ensuring efficient nutrient uptake from the diet.
Ion Regulation: Maintaining the proper balance of ions like sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride within cells and tissues depends on cotransport systems. This is particularly crucial for nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and overall cellular function.
Renal Function: The kidneys utilize cotransport to regulate the excretion of various substances in urine, controlling fluid and electrolyte balance.
Plant Physiology: Cotransport plays a crucial role in nutrient uptake in plant roots, enabling efficient absorption of minerals from the soil.
5. Clinical Relevance: Cotransport and Disease
Disruptions in cotransport mechanisms can have significant clinical consequences. Mutations in cotransporter genes or the malfunction of cotransporter proteins can lead to various disorders, including:
Diabetes Mellitus: Impaired glucose absorption due to SGLT dysfunction.
Cardiac Arrhythmias: Dysregulation of the NCX can contribute to cardiac arrhythmias.
Inherited Metabolic Disorders: Defects in cotransport systems for amino acids and other metabolites can lead to severe metabolic imbalances.
6. Future Research Directions
Research into cotransport continues to advance, with ongoing investigations focusing on:
Structural elucidation of cotransporters: Determining the 3D structure of cotransporter proteins will provide deeper insight into their mechanism and regulation.
Drug targeting of cotransporters: Cotransporters are emerging as potential drug targets for various diseases, opening new avenues for therapeutic interventions.
Understanding the regulation of cotransport: Further research is needed to fully understand the intricate regulatory mechanisms controlling cotransport activity.
Article Outline: What is Cotransport?
I. Introduction: Hooking the reader and providing a brief overview of the topic.
II. Membrane Transport Basics: A quick refresher on passive and active transport.
III. The Mechanics of Cotransport: Explaining symport and antiport mechanisms.
IV. Key Players: Cotransporter Proteins: Describing the structure and function of these proteins.
V. Physiological Significance: Exploring the roles of cotransport in various bodily functions.
VI. Clinical Relevance: Cotransport and Disease: Discussing the link between cotransport dysfunction and disease.
VII. Future Research Directions: Highlighting current and future research areas.
VIII. Conclusion: Summarizing key concepts and emphasizing the importance of cotransport.
IX. FAQs: Addressing common questions about cotransport.
(The detailed explanation of each point is provided above in the main article.)
9 Unique FAQs:
1. What is the difference between symport and antiport? (Answered above)
2. How does cotransport differ from primary active transport? (Explained in the introduction and body)
3. What are some examples of cotransporters in the human body? (Provided in the article)
4. Can cotransport be inhibited? If so, how? (Implied in the clinical relevance section; can be expanded upon)
5. What are the potential therapeutic applications of targeting cotransporters? (Mentioned in future research directions)
6. How are cotransporter proteins regulated? (Requires further expansion based on current research)
7. What are some common diseases associated with cotransport dysfunction? (Examples are given)
8. How do cotransport mechanisms differ in plants and animals? (Can be added as a subsection)
9. What techniques are used to study cotransport? (Mention patch clamping, etc.)
9 Related Articles:
1. Active Transport Mechanisms: Explores the various types of active transport beyond cotransport.
2. Membrane Transport Proteins: A detailed overview of different membrane transport proteins and their functions.
3. Sodium-Potassium Pump: Focuses on the primary active transporter responsible for maintaining sodium and potassium gradients.
4. Glucose Metabolism: Explores the role of cotransport in glucose absorption and metabolism.
5. Renal Physiology: Expands on the role of cotransport in kidney function.
6. Cardiac Electrophysiology: Discusses the involvement of cotransport in heart rhythm regulation.
7. Cellular Homeostasis: Broader context on the importance of maintaining cellular balance, including transport mechanisms.
8. Pharmacology of Membrane Transporters: Covers the therapeutic targeting of membrane transporters.
9. Molecular Biology of Membrane Proteins: Provides an in-depth look at the structure and function of membrane proteins at a molecular level.
| what is cotransport: Transport And Diffusion Across Cell Membranes Wilfred Stein, 2012-12-02 Transport and Diffusion across Cell Membranes is a comprehensive treatment of the transport and diffusion of molecules and ions across cell membranes. This book shows that the same kinetic equations (with appropriate modification) can describe all the specialized membrane transport systems: the pores, the carriers, and the two classes of pumps. The kinetic formalism is developed step by step and the features that make a system effective in carrying out its biological role are highlighted. This book is organized into six chapters and begins with an introduction to the structure and dynamics of cell membranes, followed by a discussion on how the membrane acts as a barrier to the transmembrane diffusion of molecules and ions. The following chapters focus on the role of the membrane's protein components in facilitating transmembrane diffusion of specific molecules and ions, measurements of diffusion through pores and the kinetics of diffusion, and the structure of such pores and their biological regulation. This book methodically introduces the reader to the carriers of cell membranes, the kinetics of facilitated diffusion, and cotransport systems. The primary active transport systems are considered, emphasizing the pumping of an ion (sodium, potassium, calcium, or proton) against its electrochemical gradient during the coupled progress of a chemical reaction while a conformational change of the pump enzyme takes place. This book is of interest to advanced undergraduate students, as well as to graduate students and researchers in biochemistry, physiology, pharmacology, and biophysics. |
| what is cotransport: Biology for AP ® Courses Julianne Zedalis, John Eggebrecht, 2017-10-16 Biology for AP® courses covers the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester Advanced Placement® biology course. The text provides comprehensive coverage of foundational research and core biology concepts through an evolutionary lens. Biology for AP® Courses was designed to meet and exceed the requirements of the College Board’s AP® Biology framework while allowing significant flexibility for instructors. Each section of the book includes an introduction based on the AP® curriculum and includes rich features that engage students in scientific practice and AP® test preparation; it also highlights careers and research opportunities in biological sciences. |
| what is cotransport: Molecular Biology of the Cell , 2002 |
| what is cotransport: Red Cell Membrane Transport in Health and Disease Ingolf Bernhardt, J. Clive Ellory, 2013-04-17 51 worldwide leading experts in the field of erythrocyte research contributed to this first book on transport processes in red blood cells. It explains the latest findings on the basis of well-established principles, in an accessibly structured and carefully organized compilation. |
| what is cotransport: Phosphate Metabolism Shaul Massry, 2013-11-21 We present to our readers the proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Phosphate. A short account of the history of the effort led to the Phosphate Workshops is appro priate and can be of interest to the reader. The idea for Phosphate Workshops was born in the early days of November, 1974. One of us (S. G. M. ) suggested the thought to a group of scientists gathered for a luncheon in one of the attrac tive small restaurants in Weisbaden, Germany. The purpose of the workshop was to bring together interested scientists to discuss the newer developments and the recent advances in the field of phosphate metabolism and the other related minerals. An Organizing Committee made of Shaul G. Massry (USA), Louis V. Avioli (USA), Philippe Bordier (France), Herbert Fleisch (Switzerland), and Eduardo Slatopolsky (USA) was formed. The First Workshop was held in Paris during June 5-6, 1975 and was hosted by Dr. Philippe Bordier. Its proceeding was already published. The Second Workshop took place in Heidelberg during June 28-30, 1976 and was hosted by Dr. Eberhard Ritz. Both of these workshops were extremely successful scientific endeavors, and the need for them was demonstrated by the great interest they generated among the scientific community. The Or ganizing Committee, therefore, decided to continue with the tradi tion to hold additional Workshops annually or every other year. |
| what is cotransport: Biochemistry of Cell Membranes S. Papa, J.M. Tager, 2012-12-06 This book consists of a series of reviews on selected topics within the rapidly and vastly expanding field of membrane biology. Its aim is to highlight the most significant and important advances that have been made in recent years in understanding the structure, dynamics and functions of cell membranes. Areas covered in this monograph include: • Signal Transduction • Membrane Traffic: Protein and Lipids • Bioenergetics: Energy Transfer and Membrane Transport • Cellular Ion Homeostasis • Growth Factors and Adhesion Molecules • Structural Analysis of Membrane Proteins • Membranes and Disease. Biochemistry of Cell Membranes should serve as a benchmark for indicating the most important lines for future research in these areas. |
| what is cotransport: Frontiers in Hypertension Research J. H. Laragh, F. R. Bühler, D. W. Seldin, 2011-10-10 reached full definition in the 1940s by Kempner diet. The important role of adrenal aldosterone and associates in demonstrating the beneficial ef secretion in supporting human hypertension is now fects of a low salt rice diet for treating hypertensive well recognized as are the beneficial effects of patients. It became apparent that the value of rice blockade, especially in low-renin patients who ex was wholly related to its sodium content. A rice hibit inappropriate or absolute excesses of aldoste diet, or any other stringent low sodium diet, rone secretion. Further definition of the more sub greatly improves or completely corrects the hyper tle participation of aldosterone and of the factors tension of about ~ or so of all patients with essen that control aldosterone secretion in hypertensive subjects are promising areas for further research. tial hypertension. However, what is often forgotten is that little or no benefit accrues to the remaining THE NERVOUS SYSTEM majority of patients. Parallel studies of animal models has demon Besides the endocrine and excretory functions of strated the amplifying effect of a high sodium diet the kidney and the influence of dietary sodium on blood pressure and vice versa. Strains of rats and of aldosterone secretion, there has been long were developed which are especially sensitive to standing agreement about the important role of the pressor effects of a high sodium diet. In a way, the nervous system in blood pressure control. |
| what is cotransport: Cellular Migration and Formation of Neuronal Connections , 2013-05-06 The genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms of neural development are essential for understanding evolution and disorders of neural systems. Recent advances in genetic, molecular, and cell biological methods have generated a massive increase in new information, but there is a paucity of comprehensive and up-to-date syntheses, references, and historical perspectives on this important subject. The Comprehensive Developmental Neuroscience series is designed to fill this gap, offering the most thorough coverage of this field on the market today and addressing all aspects of how the nervous system and its components develop. Particular attention is paid to the effects of abnormal development and on new psychiatric/neurological treatments being developed based on our increased understanding of developmental mechanisms. Each volume in the series consists of review style articles that average 15-20pp and feature numerous illustrations and full references. Volume 2 offers 56 high level articles devoted mainly to Formation of Axons and Dendrites, Migration, Synaptogenesis, Developmental Sequences in the Maturation of Intrinsic and Synapse Driven Patterns. - Series offers 144 articles for 2904 full color pages addressing ways in which the nervous system and its components develop - Features leading experts in various subfields as Section Editors and article Authors - All articles peer reviewed by Section Editors to ensure accuracy, thoroughness, and scholarship - Volume 2 sections include coverage of mechanisms which regulate: the formation of axons and dendrites, cell migration, synapse formation and maintenance during development, and neural activity, from cell-intrinsic maturation to early correlated patterns of activity |
| what is cotransport: Exocytosis and Endocytosis Andrei I. Ivanov, 2008 In this book, skilled experts provide the most up-to-date, step-by-step laboratory protocols for examining molecular machinery and biological functions of exocytosis and endocytosis in vitro and in vivo. The book is insightful to both newcomers and seasoned professionals. It offers a unique and highly practical guide to versatile laboratory tools developed to study various aspects of intracellular vesicle trafficking in simple model systems and living organisms. |
| what is cotransport: The Exocrine Pancreas Stephen Pandol, 2011 The secretions of the exocrine pancreas provide for digestion of a meal into components that are then available for processing and absorption by the intestinal epithelium. Without the exocrine pancreas, malabsorption and malnutrition result. This chapter describes the cellular participants responsible for the secretion of digestive enzymes and fluid that in combination provide a pancreatic secretion that accomplishes the digestive functions of the gland. Key cellular participants, the acinar cell and the duct cell, are responsible for digestive enzyme and fluid secretion, respectively, of the exocrine pancreas. This chapter describes the neurohumoral pathways that mediate the pancreatic response to a meal as well as details of the cellular mechanisms that are necessary for the organ responses, including protein synthesis and transport and ion transports, and the regulation of these responses by intracellular signaling systems. Examples of pancreatic diseases resulting from dysfunction in cellular mechanisms provide emphasis of the importance of the normal physiologic mechanisms. |
| what is cotransport: Channels, Carriers, and Pumps Wilfred D. Stein, Thomas Litman, 2014-12-09 An introduction to the principles of membrane transport: How molecules and ions move across the cell membrane by simple diffusion and by making use of specialized membrane components (channels, carriers, and pumps). The text emphasizes the quantitative aspects of such movement and its interpretation in terms of transport kinetics. Molecular studies of channels, carriers, and pumps are described in detail as well as structural principles and the fundamental similarities between the various transporters and their evolutionary interrelationships. The regulation of transporters and their role in health and disease are also considered. - Provides an introduction to the properties of transport proteins: channels, carriers, and pumps - Presents up-to-date information on the structure of transport proteins and on their function and regulation - Includes introductions to transport kinetics and to the cloning of genes that code transport proteins - Furnishes a link between the experimental basis of the subject and theoretical model building |
| what is cotransport: Role of the Choroid Plexus in Health and Disease Jeppe Praetorius, Bonnie Blazer-Yost, Helle Damkier, 2020-04-17 This book highlights the importance of the choroid plexus, which forms the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and is the site of the major production of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The authors show that this barrier is crucial for maintaining important compositional differences between the blood plasma and the CSF. The choroid plexus epithelial cells also prevent the spread of infectious agents and other blood-borne entities to the brain tissue. Chapter topics range from the production of CSF by electrolyte regulation in the choroid plexus, to details on the selectively transporting nature of this barrier. Further, the authors elaborate on the important roles of CSF in sustaining brain health by providing hydration, solutes, and nutrients to the brain tissue. Readers will also learn how CSF circulates signaling molecules within the compartments of the brain and removes waste products from the brain tissue. Elucidating the regulation of these processes in the choroid plexus is not only important for the readers’ understanding of normal brain development and function, but is also crucial for resolving a variety of cerebral challenges that lead to brain edema, as well as developing treatments for diseases. The book discusses disease models like hydrocephalus, sleep disorders, and age-related dementia. Its comprehensive coverage makes this volume a valuable resource for researchers in cell and neurophysiology, as well as graduate students of the neurosciences. |
| what is cotransport: Biomedical Mass Transport and Chemical Reaction James S. Ultman, Harihara Baskaran, Gerald M. Saidel, 2016-06-13 Teaches the fundamentals of mass transport with a unique approach emphasizing engineering principles in a biomedical environment Includes a basic review of physiology, chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, mass transport, fluid mechanics and relevant mathematical methods Teaches engineering principles and mathematical modelling useful in the broad range of problems that students will encounter in their academic programs as well as later on in their careers Illustrates principles with examples taken from physiology and medicine or with design problems involving biomedical devices Stresses the simplification of problem formulations based on key geometric and functional features that permit practical analyses of biomedical applications Offers a web site of homework problems associated with each chapter and solutions available to instructors Homework problems related to each chapter are available from a supplementary website ( |
| what is cotransport: Cell Volume Regulation Florian Lang, 1998 This volume presents a unique compilation of reviews on cell volume regulation in health and disease, with contributions from leading experts in the field. The topics covered include mechanisms and signaling of cell volume regulation and the effect of cell volume on cell function, with special emphasis on ion channels and transporters, kinases and gene expression. Several chapters elaborate on how cell volume regulatory mechanisms participate in the regulation of epithelial transport, urinary concentration, metabolism, migration, cell proliferation and apoptosis. Last but not least, this publication is an excellent guide to the role of cell volume in the pathophysiology of hypercatabolism, diabetes mellitus, brain edema, hemoglobinopathies, tumor growth and metastasis, to name just a few. Providing deeper insights into an exciting area of research which is also of clinical relevance, this publication is a valuable addition to the library of those interested in cell volume regulation. |
| what is cotransport: Drug Transporters Martin F. Fromm, Richard B. Kim, 2010-11-19 It is increasingly recognized that various transporter proteins are expressed throughout the body and determine absorption, tissue distribution, biliary and renal elimination of endogenous compounds and drugs and drug effects. This book will give an overview on the transporter families which are most important for drug therapy. Most chapters will focus on one transporter family highlighting tissue expression, substrates, inhibitors, knock-out mouse models and clinical studies. |
| what is cotransport: Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules Sangdun Choi, 2012-07-09 Biological processes are driven by complex systems of functionally interacting signaling molecules. Thus, understanding signaling molecules is essential to explain normal or pathological biological phenomena. A large body of clinical and experimental data has been accumulated over these years, albeit in fragmented state. Hence, systems biological approaches concomitant with the understanding of each molecule are ideal to delineate signaling networks/pathways involved in the biologically important processes. The control of these signaling pathways will enrich our healthier life. Currently, there are more than 30,000 genes in human genome. However, not all the proteins encoded by these genes work equally in order to maintain homeostasis. Understanding the important signaling molecules as completely as possible will significantly improve our research-based teaching and scientific capabilities. This encyclopedia presents 350 biologically important signaling molecules and the content is built on the core concepts of their functions along with early findings written by some of the world’s foremost experts. The molecules are described by recognized leaders in each molecule. The interactions of these single molecules in signal transduction networks will also be explored. This encyclopedia marks a new era in overview of current cellular signaling molecules for the specialist and the interested non-specialist alike During past years, there were multiple databases to gather this information briefly and very partially. Amidst the excitement of these findings, one of the great scientific tasks of the coming century is to bring all the useful information into a place. Such an approach is arduous but at the end will infuse the lacunas and considerably be a streamline in the understanding of vibrant signaling networks. Based on this easy-approach, we can build up more complicated biological systems. |
| what is cotransport: Transport Organs G. Giebisch, 1979 With contributions by numerous experts |
| what is cotransport: Renaissance Of Sickle Cell Disease Research In The Genome Era Betty Pace, 2007-01-24 The Human Genome Project has spawned a Renaissance of research faced with the daunting expectation of personalized medicine for individuals with sickle cell disease in the Genome Era. This book offers a comprehensive and timeless account of emerging concepts in clinical and basic science research, and community concerns of health disparity to educate professionals, students and the general public about meeting this challenging expectation. Contributions from physicians, research scientists, scientific administrators and community workers make Renaissance of Sickle Cell Disease Research in the Genome Era unique among the catalogue of books on this genetic disorder.Part 1 offers detailed review of the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's leadership role in funding sickle cell research, as well as developing progressive research initiatives and the predicted impact of the Human Genome Project. Part 2 gives an account of several clinical research perspectives based on the Cooperative Study of Sickle Cell Disease. These include recommendations for newborn screening, pain management, stroke, transfusion therapy and pediatric and adult healthcare. Part 3 offers novel insights into basic science research progress and the impact of the Human Genome Project on the direction of hemoglobinopathy research, including hemoglobin switching, bone marrow transplantation and gene therapy. Part 4 engages the reader in a culture-based discussion of the stigma attached to sickle cell disease in the African American community and the apprehensions about genetic research in this community. It concludes with a global perspective on sickle cell disease from African, European and American experiences. For readers seeking a definitive account of sickle cell disease appropriate for students, researchers and community workers, this collaborative effort is an ideal textbook./a |
| what is cotransport: Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes Bertil Hille, 1992 This new, fully revised and expanded edition of Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes includes new chapters on fast chemical synapses, modulation through G protein coupled receptors and second messenger systems, molecules cloning, site directed mutagenesis, and cell biology. It begins with the classical biophysical work of Hodgkin and Huxley and then weaves a description of the known ionic channels together with their biological functions. The book continues by developing the physical and molecular principles needed for explaining permeation, gating, pharmacological modification, and molecular diversity, and ends with a discussion of channel evolution. Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes is written to be accessible and interesting to biological and physical scientists of all kinds. |
| what is cotransport: Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board, Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Subcommittee of Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes, Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients, Panel on Micronutrients, 2002-07-19 This volume is the newest release in the authoritative series issued by the National Academy of Sciences on dietary reference intakes (DRIs). This series provides recommended intakes, such as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), for use in planning nutritionally adequate diets for individuals based on age and gender. In addition, a new reference intake, the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), has also been established to assist an individual in knowing how much is too much of a nutrient. Based on the Institute of Medicine's review of the scientific literature regarding dietary micronutrients, recommendations have been formulated regarding vitamins A and K, iron, iodine, chromium, copper, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, and other potentially beneficial trace elements such as boron to determine the roles, if any, they play in health. The book also: Reviews selected components of food that may influence the bioavailability of these compounds. Develops estimates of dietary intake of these compounds that are compatible with good nutrition throughout the life span and that may decrease risk of chronic disease where data indicate they play a role. Determines Tolerable Upper Intake levels for each nutrient reviewed where adequate scientific data are available in specific population subgroups. Identifies research needed to improve knowledge of the role of these micronutrients in human health. This book will be important to professionals in nutrition research and education. |
| what is cotransport: Cell Physiology Source Book Nicholas Sperelakis, 2012-12-02 This authoritative book gathers together a broad range of ideas and topics that define the field. It provides clear, concise, and comprehensive coverage of all aspects of cellular physiology from fundamental concepts to more advanced topics. The Third Edition contains substantial new material. Most chapters have been thoroughly reworked. The book includes chapters on important topics such as sensory transduction, the physiology of protozoa and bacteria, the regulation of cell division, and programmed cell death. - Completely revised and updated - includes 8 new chapters on such topics as membrane structure, intracellular chloride regulation, transport, sensory receptors, pressure, and olfactory/taste receptors - Includes broad coverage of both animal and plant cells - Appendixes review basics of the propagation of action potentials, electricity, and cable properties - Authored by leading experts in the field - Clear, concise, comprehensive coverage of all aspects of cellular physiology from fundamental concepts to more advanced topics |
| what is cotransport: Ion Channels and Transporters of Epithelia in Health and Disease Kirk L. Hamilton, Daniel C Devor, 2015-12-15 This book sheds new light on the physiology, molecular biology and pathophysiology of epithelial ion channels and transporters. It combines the basic cellular models and functions by means of a compelling clinical perspective, addressing aspects from the laboratory bench to the bedside. The individual chapters, written by leading scientists and clinicians, explore specific ion channels and transporters located in the epithelial tissues of the kidney, intestine, pancreas and respiratory tract, all of which play a crucial part in maintaining homeostasis. Further topics include the fundamentals of epithelial transport; mathematical modeling of ion transport; cell volume regulation; membrane protein folding and trafficking; transepithelial transport functions; and lastly, a discussion of transport proteins as potential pharmacological targets with a focus on the pharmacology of potassium channels. |
| what is cotransport: Blood Glucose Levels Leszek Szablewski, 2020-01-08 The main source of energy for the body is glucose. Its low blood concentrations can cause seizures, loss of consciousness and death. Long lasting high glucose levels can cause blindness, renal failure, cardiac and peripheral vascular disease, and neuropathy. Blood glucose concentrations need to be maintained within narrow limits. The process of maintaining blood glucose at a steady state is called glucose homeostasis. This is achieved through a balance of the rate of consumption of dietary carbohydrates, utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues, and the loss of glucose through the kidney tubule. The liver and kidney also play a role in glucose homeostasis. This book aims to provide an overview of blood glucose levels in health and diseases. |
| what is cotransport: An Introduction to Biological Membranes William Stillwell, 2013-04-20 An Introduction to Biological Membranes: From Bilayers to Rafts covers many aspects of membrane structure/function that bridges membrane biophysics and cell biology. Offering cohesive, foundational information, this publication is valuable for advanced undergraduate students, graduate students and membranologists who seek a broad overview of membrane science. - Brings together different facets of membrane research in a universally understandable manner - Emphasis on the historical development of the field - Topics include membrane sugars, membrane models, membrane isolation methods, and membrane transport |
| what is cotransport: Chloride Movements Across Cellular Membranes , 2007-01-22 All living cells are surrounded by a lipidic membrane that isolates them from the often harsh environment. However, to take up nutrients, to excrete waste, and to communicate among each other, Nature has invented an incredibly diverse set of transmembrane transport proteins. Specialized transporters exist to shuttle electrically charged ions, positive cations like sodium or negative anions like chloride, across the membrane. In the recent years, tremendous progress has been made in the field of chloride transport. The present book presents the state of the art of this rapidly expanding and interest-gaining field of membrane transport. It is addressed at a broad medically, physiologically, biologically, and biophysically interested readership. Describes the state-of-the-art in anion transport research Written by leaders in the field Presents a timely discussion of this rapidly emerging and expanding field |
| what is cotransport: Membrane Transport in Plants U. Zimmermann, J. Dainty, 2012-12-06 In February, 1974, an 'International Workshop on Membrane Transport in Plants' was held at the Nuclear Research Centre, JLiI ich, West Germany. More than two hundred and fifty people, from fourteen countries, took part in this highly successful meeting. A somewhat similar meeting took place in Liverpool, England, two years ago and it became clear there that progress in the field of membrane transport in plants was now so marked that a second, and wider, meeting in Germany was more than fully justified. The members of our pro gramme committee (U. Zimmermann, Chairman, JLilich (FRG); J. Dainty, |
| what is cotransport: Seldin and Giebisch's The Kidney Robert J. Alpern, Steven C. Hebert, 2007-10-10 A classic nephrology reference for over 20 years, Seldin & Giebisch's The Kidney, is the acknowledged authority on renal physiology and pathophysiology. The fourth edition follows the changed focus of nephrology research to the study of how individual molecules work together to affect cellular and organ function, emphasizing the mechanisms of disease. With over 40 new chapters and over 1000 illustrations, this edition offers the most in-depth discussion anywhere of the physiologic and pathophysiologic processes of renal disease. Comprehensive, authoritative coverage progresses from molecular biology and cell physiology to clinical issues regarding renal function and dysfunction. If you research the development of normal renal function or the mechanisms underlying renal disease, Seldin & Giebisch's The Kidney is your number one source for information.* Offers the most comprehensive coverage of fluid and electrolyte regulation and dysregulation in 51 completely revised chapters unlike Brenner & Rector's The Kidney which devotes only 7 chapters to this topic.* Includes 3 sections, 31 chapters, devoted to regulation and disorders of acid-base homeostasis, and epithelial and nonepithelial transport regulation. Brenner & Rector's only devotes 5 chapters to these topics.* Previous three editions edited by Donald Seldin and Gerhard Giebisch, world renowned names in nephrology. The title for the fourth edition has been changed to reflect their considerable work on previous editions and they have also written the forward for this edition. * Over 20 million adults over age 20 have chronic kidney disease with the number of people diagnosed doubling each decade making it America's ninth leading cause of death. |
| what is cotransport: Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology Neil N. Turner, Norbert Lameire, David J. Goldsmith, Christopher G. Winearls, Jonathan Himmelfarb, Giuseppe Remuzzi, 2015-10-29 This fourth edition of the Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology builds on the success and international reputation of the publication as an important resource for the practising clinician in the field. It provides practical, scholarly, and evidence-based coverage of the full spectrum of clinical nephrology, written by a global faculty of experts. The most relevant and important reference to clinical nephrology, this is an authoritative and comprehensive textbook combining the clinical aspects of renal disease essential to daily clinical practice with extensive information about the underlying basic science and current evidence available. Each section of the textbook has been critically and comprehensively edited under the auspices of a leading expert in the field. This new edition has been significantly expanded and reapportioned to reflect developments and new approaches to topics, and includes treatment algorithms to aid and enhance patient care where possible. The fourth edition offers increased focus on the medical aspects of transplantation, HIV-associated renal disease, and infection and renal disease, alongside entirely new sections on genetic topics and clinical and physiological aspects of fluid/electrolyte and tubular disorders. The emphasis throughout is on marrying advances in scientific research with clinical management. Richly illustrated throughout in full colour, this is a truly modern and attractive edition which reinforces the Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology's position as an indispensable reference work of consistent quality and reliability. Enriched and refined by careful revision, this new edition continues the tradition of excellence. This print edition of The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology comes with a year's access to the online version on Oxford Medicine Online. By activating your unique access code, you can read and annotate the full text online, follow links from the references to primary research materials, and view, enlarge and download all the figures and tables. Oxford Medicine Online is mobile optimized for access when and where you need it. |
| what is cotransport: Concepts of Biology Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James Wise, 2023-05-12 Black & white print. Concepts of Biology is designed for the typical introductory biology course for nonmajors, covering standard scope and sequence requirements. The text includes interesting applications and conveys the major themes of biology, with content that is meaningful and easy to understand. The book is designed to demonstrate biology concepts and to promote scientific literacy. |
| what is cotransport: Liquid Membranes Vladimir S Kislik, 2009-08-31 Liquid Membranes: Principles and Applications in Chemical Separations and Wastewater Treatment discusses the principles and applications of the liquid membrane (LM) separation processes in organic and inorganic chemistry, analytical chemistry, biochemistry, biomedical engineering, gas separation, and wastewater treatment. It presents updated, useful, and systematized information on new LM separation technologies, along with new developments in the field. It provides an overview of LMs and LM processes, and it examines the mechanisms and kinetics of carrier-facilitated transport through LMs. It also discusses active transport, driven by oxidation-reduction, catalytic, and bioconversion reactions on the LM interfaces; modifications of supported LMs; bulk aqueous hybrid LM processes with water-soluble carriers; emulsion LMs and their applications; and progress in LM science and engineering. This book will be of value to students and young researchers who are new to separation science and technology, as well as to scientists and engineers involved in the research and development of separation technologies, LM separations, and membrane reactors. - Provides comprehensive knowledge-based information on the principles and applications of a variety of liquid membrane separation processes - Contains a critical analysis of new technologies published in the last 15 years |
| what is cotransport: Basic Concepts in Biochemistry: A Student's Survival Guide Hiram F. Gilbert, 2000 Basic Concepts in Biochemistry has just one goal: to review the toughest concepts in biochemistry in an accessible format so your understanding is through and complete.--BOOK JACKET. |
| what is cotransport: Comprehensive Biophysics , 2012-04-12 Biophysics is a rapidly-evolving interdisciplinary science that applies theories and methods of the physical sciences to questions of biology. Biophysics encompasses many disciplines, including physics, chemistry, mathematics, biology, biochemistry, medicine, pharmacology, physiology, and neuroscience, and it is essential that scientists working in these varied fields are able to understand each other's research. Comprehensive Biophysics, Nine Volume Set will help bridge that communication gap. Written by a team of researchers at the forefront of their respective fields, under the guidance of Chief Editor Edward Egelman, Comprehensive Biophysics, Nine Volume Set provides definitive introductions to a broad array of topics, uniting different areas of biophysics research - from the physical techniques for studying macromolecular structure to protein folding, muscle and molecular motors, cell biophysics, bioenergetics and more. The result is this comprehensive scientific resource - a valuable tool both for helping researchers come to grips quickly with material from related biophysics fields outside their areas of expertise, and for reinforcing their existing knowledge. Biophysical research today encompasses many areas of biology. These studies do not necessarily share a unique identifying factor. This work unites the different areas of research and allows users, regardless of their background, to navigate through the most essential concepts with ease, saving them time and vastly improving their understanding The field of biophysics counts several journals that are directly and indirectly concerned with the field. There is no reference work that encompasses the entire field and unites the different areas of research through deep foundational reviews. Comprehensive Biophysics fills this vacuum, being a definitive work on biophysics. It will help users apply context to the diverse journal literature offering, and aid them in identifying areas for further research Chief Editor Edward Egelman (E-I-C, Biophysical Journal) has assembled an impressive, world-class team of Volume Editors and Contributing Authors. Each chapter has been painstakingly reviewed and checked for consistent high quality. The result is an authoritative overview which ties the literature together and provides the user with a reliable background information and citation resource |
| what is cotransport: Plant ABC Transporters Markus Geisler, 2014-09-06 This book is devoted to the fascinating superfamily of plant ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and their variety of transported substrates. It highlights their exciting biological functions, covering aspects ranging from cellular detoxification, through development, to symbiosis and defense. Moreover, it also includes a number of chapters that center on ABC transporters from non-Arabidopsis species. ABC proteins are ubiquitous, membrane-intrinsic transporters that catalyze the primary (ATP-dependent) movement of their substrates through biological membranes. Initially identified as an essential aspect of a vacuolar detoxification process, genetic work in the last decade has revealed an unexpectedly diverse variety of ABC transporter substrates, which include not only xenobiotic conjugates, but also heavy metals, lipids, terpenoids, lignols, alkaloids and organic acids. The discovery that members of the ABCB and ABCG family are involved in the movement of phytohormones has further sparked their exploration and provided a new understanding of the whole family. Accordingly, the trafficking, regulation and structure-function of ABCB-type auxin transporters are especially emphasized in this book. |
| what is cotransport: Ion Channel Diseases , 2011-09-06 Ion channel dysfunction in humans leads to impairment of the excitable processes necessary for the normal function of several tissues, such as muscle and brain. It follows that an increasing number of human diseases have been associated with malfunctioning ion channels, many of which have a genetic component. This volume of Advances in Genetics presents a broad and comprehensive overview of the inherited channelopathies in humans, including clinical, genetic and molecular aspects of these conditions. Keeping true to the scope of the serial, novel genomic and modeling research approaches and a review of potential therapeutic approaches for each of these conditions are also incorporated. |
| what is cotransport: Ion Channels in Health and Sickness Fatima Shad Kaneez, 2018-10-10 Ion channels are proteins that make pores in the membranes of excitable cells present both in the brain and the body. These cells are not only responsible for converting chemical and mechanical stimuli into the electrical signals but are also liable for monitoring vital functions. All our activities, from the blinking of our eyes to the beating of our heart and all our senses from smell to sight, touch, taste and hearing are regulated by the ion channels. This book will take us on an expedition describing the role of ion channels in congenital and acquired diseases and the challenges and limitations scientist are facing in the development of drugs targeting these membrane proteins. |
| what is cotransport: The Alkali Metal Ions: Their Role for Life Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel, Roland K. O. Sigel, 2016-02-09 MILS-16 provides an up-to-date review of the impact of alkali metal ions on life. Their bioinorganic chemistry and analytical determination, the solid state structures of bio-ligand complexes and the properties of alkali metal ions in solution in the context of all kinds of biologically relevant ligands are covered, this includes proteins (enzymes) and nucleic acids (G-quadruplexes). Minerals containing sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) are abundant in the Earth's crust, making Na+ and K+ easily available. In contrast, the alkali elements lithium (Li+), rubidium, and cesium are rare and the radioactive francium occurs only in traces. Since the intra- and extracellular, as well as the compartmental concentrations of Na+ and K+ differ significantly, homeostasis and active transport of these ions are important; this involves transporters/carriers and pore-forming ion channel proteins. Systems like Na+/K+-ATPases, H+/K+-ATPases or Na+/H+ antiporters are thoroughly discussed. The role of K+ in photosynthesis and the role of Na+ in charging the battery of life are pointed out. Also, the relationships between alkali metal ions and diseases (e.g., Parkinson or traumatic brain injury) are covered and the relevance of Li+ salts in medicine (pharmacology and mechanism) is reviewed. This and more is treated in an authoritative and timely manner in the 16 stimulating chapters of Volume 16, The Alkali Metal Ions: Their Role for Life, which are written by 44 internationally recognized experts from 12 nations. The impact of this vibrant research area is manifested in nearly 3000 references, over 30 tables and more than 150 illustrations (two thirds in color). MILS-16 also provides excellent information for teaching. Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel, and Roland K. O. Sigel have long-standing interests in Biological Inorganic Chemistry. Their research focuses on metal ion interactions with nucleotides and nucleic acids and on related topics. They edited previously 44 volumes in the series Metal Ions in Biological Systems. |
| what is cotransport: PH and Brain Function Kai Kaila, Bruce R. Ransom, 1998-09-15 PH and Brain Function offers thorough coverage of this increasingly important area of research, beginning with the fundamental concepts, which include methodological and theoretical issues such as the measurement of pH and the concept of pH in neurobiology. It explores aspects of regulation and modulation of intracellular pH in brain cells, surveys the changes in pH that occur with neural activity and how these changes affect neural activity, and discusses the role of pH in the pathophysiology of neurological diseases. pH and Brain Function is an important resource for researchers in all areas of neuroscience as well as cell biology and physiology. --Book Jacket. |
| what is cotransport: Hormones and Transport Systems , 2015-03-26 First published in 1943, Vitamins and Hormones is the longest-running serial published by Academic Press. The Series provides up-to-date information on vitamin and hormone research spanning data from molecular biology to the clinic. A volume can focus on a single molecule or on a disease that is related to vitamins or hormones. A hormone is interpreted broadly so that related substances, such as transmitters, cytokines, growth factors and others can be reviewed. This volume focuses on hormone and transport systems. - Expertise of the contributors - Coverage of a vast array of subjects - In depth current information at the molecular to the clinical levels |
| what is cotransport: Radionuclide Behaviour in the Natural Environment Christophe Poinssot, Horst Geckeis, 2012-09-20 Understanding radionuclide behaviour in the natural environment is essential to the sustainable development of the nuclear industry and key to assessing potential environmental risks reliably. Minimising those risks is essential to enhancing public confidence in nuclear technology. Scientific knowledge in this field has developed greatly over the last decade.Radionuclide behaviour in the natural environment provides a comprehensive overview of the key processes and parameters affecting radionuclide mobility and migration.After an introductory chapter, part one explores radionuclide chemistry in the natural environment, including aquatic chemistry and the impact of natural organic matter and microorganisms. Part two discusses the migration and radioecological behavior of radionuclides. Topics include hydrogeology, sorption and colloidal reactions as well as in-situ investigations. Principles of modelling coupled geochemical, transport and radioecological properties are also discussed. Part three covers application issues: assessment of radionuclide behaviour in contaminated sites, taking Chernobyl as an example, estimation of radiological exposure to the population, performance assessment considerations related to deep geological repositories, and remediation concepts for contaminated sites.With its distinguished editors and international team of expert contributors, Radionuclide behaviour in the natural environment is an essential tool for all those interested or involved in nuclear energy, from researchers, designers and industrial operators to environmental scientists. It also provides a comprehensive guide for academics of all levels in this field. - Provides a comprehensive overview of the key processes and parameters affecting radionuclide mobility and migration - Explores radionuclide chemistry in the natural environment - Discusses the migration and radioecological behaviour of radionuclides |
| what is cotransport: The Na, K-ATPase Jean-Daniel Horisberger, 1994 This text addresses the question, How does the sodium pump pump'. A variety of primary structure information is available, and progress has been made in the functional characterization of the Na, K-pump, making the answer to this question possible, within reach of currently used techniques |
