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Matched Pairs Design Psychology: Unveiling the Power of Controlled Comparisons
Introduction:
Are you intrigued by the subtle yet powerful ways psychologists design experiments to isolate cause and effect? Dive into the fascinating world of matched pairs design in psychology. This comprehensive guide unravels the intricacies of this research method, explaining its principles, applications, advantages, and limitations. We'll explore real-world examples and demonstrate how matched pairs design helps researchers draw robust conclusions about the impact of interventions, treatments, and independent variables on dependent variables. Get ready to enhance your understanding of psychological research methodology and appreciate the precision of this elegant experimental design.
What is Matched Pairs Design in Psychology?
Matched pairs design is a powerful experimental technique used in psychology and other scientific fields to investigate the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable. Unlike randomized controlled trials which rely on random assignment to control for extraneous variables, matched pairs design meticulously pairs participants based on pre-existing characteristics relevant to the study. This pairing ensures that the two groups being compared are as similar as possible on these key variables, minimizing confounding factors and increasing the internal validity of the study.
The Mechanics of Matching:
The core of a matched pairs design lies in the careful selection and pairing of participants. Researchers identify critical variables that could influence the dependent variable (the outcome being measured). These variables, often called "matching variables," might include age, gender, pre-existing scores on relevant tests, or other relevant demographic or psychological characteristics. Participants are then paired based on their similarity on these matching variables, creating pairs that are as homogenous as possible. One member of each pair is then randomly assigned to the experimental group (receiving the treatment or intervention), while the other is assigned to the control group.
Advantages of Matched Pairs Design:
Increased Statistical Power: By controlling for confounding variables through matching, matched pairs design reduces variability within the groups. This leads to a more precise estimate of the treatment effect, making it easier to detect significant differences between the experimental and control groups. This increased precision translates to higher statistical power.
Reduced Error Variance: The meticulous pairing minimizes extraneous influences on the dependent variable. Consequently, the variance within each group is decreased, resulting in a clearer picture of the true effect of the independent variable.
Suitable for Small Sample Sizes: Because it reduces variability, matched pairs design can be effective even with smaller sample sizes than those required for randomized controlled trials, making it a cost-effective option in certain situations.
Allows for Study of Individual Differences: While controlling for confounding factors, matched pairs design still allows for examination of how the treatment affects individuals with varying characteristics within each matched pair.
Limitations of Matched Pairs Design:
Matching Complexity: Identifying and matching participants on relevant variables can be time-consuming and challenging. Finding appropriate matches for all participants might prove difficult, especially when dealing with multiple matching variables.
Pre-Test Effects: The process of measuring participants on the matching variables before the experiment might inadvertently influence their responses in the actual experiment (pre-test sensitization).
Mortality/Attrition: If participants drop out of the study, especially if the attrition rate differs between groups, the carefully constructed matching can be compromised, potentially affecting the study's validity.
Artificiality: The process of matching might create groups that are not entirely representative of the broader population, limiting the generalizability of the findings.
Real-World Applications in Psychology:
Matched pairs design is frequently employed in various areas of psychological research:
Cognitive Psychology: Comparing the effectiveness of two different memory-enhancing techniques by pairing individuals based on their initial memory scores.
Clinical Psychology: Evaluating the impact of a new therapeutic intervention on anxiety levels by matching patients based on the severity of their initial anxiety symptoms.
Social Psychology: Examining the influence of a persuasive message on attitudes by pairing individuals based on their initial attitudes toward the topic.
Developmental Psychology: Studying the impact of different educational approaches on children's learning outcomes by matching children based on their pre-existing cognitive abilities.
Example: Studying the Effectiveness of a New Therapy for Depression
Imagine a study investigating a novel therapy for depression. Researchers could use a matched pairs design by pairing participants based on their initial depression scores (using a standardized measure like the Beck Depression Inventory). One member of each pair is randomly assigned to the new therapy group, while the other receives a standard therapy or a placebo. Post-treatment depression scores are then compared within each pair to assess the effectiveness of the new therapy. This approach minimizes the influence of pre-existing differences in depression severity, enhancing the study's ability to isolate the effect of the new therapy.
Conclusion:
Matched pairs design offers a powerful and efficient approach to psychological research. By strategically pairing participants based on relevant characteristics, researchers can significantly increase the internal validity of their studies, drawing more accurate conclusions about the relationships between variables. While it has limitations, when implemented carefully, matched pairs design remains an invaluable tool in the quest to understand human behavior and mental processes. Remember to carefully consider the advantages and limitations before selecting this design for your own research.
Article Outline: Matched Pairs Design in Psychology
I. Introduction: Hook, overview of matched pairs design, its relevance in psychology.
II. Defining Matched Pairs Design: Detailed explanation of the method, the process of matching, and the selection of variables.
III. Advantages and Disadvantages: A comprehensive analysis of the benefits and drawbacks, considering statistical power, error variance, generalizability, and practical considerations.
IV. Applications in Psychological Research: Real-world examples across different branches of psychology (cognitive, clinical, social, developmental).
V. A Case Study: A detailed example illustrating the application of matched pairs design in a specific psychological study.
VI. Conclusion: Summarizing key findings and reiterating the importance of matched pairs design in psychological research.
(The content above fulfills points I-VI of the outline.)
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):
1. What is the difference between matched pairs design and randomized controlled trials? Randomized controlled trials rely on random assignment to groups, while matched pairs design involves deliberate pairing of participants based on pre-existing characteristics.
2. How many participants are needed for a matched pairs design? The required sample size depends on the effect size, desired power, and alpha level. Power analysis is necessary to determine the appropriate sample size.
3. What statistical tests are appropriate for analyzing data from a matched pairs design? Paired t-tests are commonly used to compare the means of the two groups within each pair.
4. How do I choose the matching variables? Choose variables strongly related to the dependent variable and likely to influence the outcome if not controlled.
5. What are the ethical considerations in using matched pairs design? Ensuring informed consent and maintaining participant confidentiality are crucial ethical considerations.
6. Can matched pairs design be used with qualitative data? While typically used with quantitative data, adaptations of matched pairs logic can inform qualitative comparative analyses.
7. What if I can't find perfect matches for all participants? Imperfect matches are acceptable; the goal is to minimize, not eliminate, differences between pairs.
8. How do I handle missing data in a matched pairs design? Missing data can compromise the design. Imputation methods or careful analysis adjustments may be necessary.
9. What software can I use to analyze matched pairs data? Statistical software packages such as SPSS, R, and SAS offer tools for analyzing paired t-tests and other relevant analyses.
Related Articles:
1. Experimental Design in Psychology: A broad overview of different experimental designs used in psychology.
2. Randomized Controlled Trials in Psychology: A detailed comparison of randomized controlled trials and matched pairs design.
3. Statistical Power and Sample Size Calculation: Information on determining appropriate sample size for psychological research.
4. Internal and External Validity in Research: A discussion of the importance of validity in experimental designs.
5. Confounding Variables and Control: An explanation of confounding variables and strategies for their control.
6. Pre-Test Post-Test Designs: A discussion on pre-test post-test designs and their implications.
7. Threats to Internal Validity: An exploration of factors that can compromise the internal validity of research.
8. Qualitative Research Methods in Psychology: Exploring qualitative research methods as an alternative or complementary approach.
9. Meta-Analysis in Psychology: A look at how combining results from multiple studies enhances research understanding.
| matched pairs design psychology: Experimental Methods in Psychology Gustav Levine, Stanley Parkinson, 2014-03-05 This text focuses on the experimental methods and the associated terminology encountered in the research literature of psychology. Initially, the content is kept simple, so as not to distract from the information on research technique and philosophy. Interesting psychological questions from well researched areas are then examined in detail, permitting a fuller discussion of the problems encountered in specific paradigms. It is in this fashion that the book offers both methods and content. Unique features of this text include: * a detailed discussion of the process of theorizing, coupled with a close examination of psychological constructs, offers the reader an opportunity to see how psychologists think about, develop, and modify their theories, and the part played by research in changing explanations of behavior. * Although it is common for psychologists to be self-conscious in their reasoning, it is uncommon to see an analysis of the logic that they use to draw conclusions. Presenting material that is rarely verbalized but readily acknowledged by experienced researchers, the text contains an overt analysis of the logic of drawing conclusions from research. * Instructors are given a choice among 15 chapters to focus on or combine to suit the course's concentration. For example, instructors have the option of focusing on experimental psychology or a broad-based course including material on research methods in experimental, social, clinical, and applied psychology. * Courses in experimental psychology or research methods are required for every psychology major. Statistical understanding is vital for this curriculum, and this text contains a comprehensive chapter on statistics making it ideal for courses that combine statistics and experimental methods. Other important coverage includes: * an all-inclusive summary of the material found in an introductory statistics class. Although courses in research methods and experimental psychology usually have a statistics prerequisite, the students rarely remember the material when entering the research course. This text provides the instructor with the option of simply assigning the statistics information as a review, rather than repeating the lectures. If the course requirements are such as to necessitate a joint statistics and research methods course -- with the instructor lecturing on both topics -- this text could serve as the single text for the course. A helpful discussion -- accompanied by a valuable table -- demonstrates how to choose an appropriate statistic. All necessary formulas and other familiar statistical procedures -- illustrating computational steps -- are also featured. * a detailed discussion of how to develop tests for use in research. Aside from the value of this information for any researcher, it can be particularly helpful to students who are required to develop original experiments. * an elaborate discussion of methodological issues in outcome research, using smoking cessation and weight reduction programs as examples. Test bank disks for Experimental Methods in Psychology, -- free to adopters -- consist of an average of six short-answer, 11 fill-in-the-blank, and 11 multiple-choice questions for each chapter. The files are in both ASCII and Word-for-Windows formats. |
| matched pairs design psychology: Research Methods in Psychology Paul G. Nestor, Russell K. Schutt, 2011-02-18 Key Features -- |
| matched pairs design psychology: Making Sense of Data and Statistics in Psychology Gerry Mulhern, Brian Greer, 2017-09-09 Statistics is one of the most useful elements of any psychology degree. This popular textbook will equip you with the tools needed not only to make sense of your own data and research, but also to think critically about the research and statistics you will encounter in everyday life. Features include: - Logical, intuitive organization of key statistical concepts and tests with an emphasis on understanding which test to use and why - Innovative graphic illustrations and insightful dialogues that help you to get to grips with statistics - Concise, easy-to-follow guidelines for making sense of SPSS - COverage of more complex tests and concepts for when you need to dig deeper Making Sense of Data and Statistics in Psychology will help you design experiments, analyse data with confidence and establish a solid grounding in statistics; it will become a valuable resource throughout your studies. Companion Site: www.palgrave.com/psychology/mulhern2e An innovative and easy-to-read introduction to understanding statistical concepts and data in Psychology, written with even the most maths-averse Psychology student in mind. Authored by the current president of the BPS (British Psychological Society), this second edition includes guidance for SPSS and extended statistical coverage to bridge the gap between conceptual understanding of data and how to run statistical tests. Confronts the challenge of teaching statistics The material is structured so that the reader revisits ideas at increasing levels of sophistication, building on their existing knowledge in order to develop their understanding of statistics. This book, grounded in the authors' research into the way students learn maths and statistics, provides a 'way in' to statistics for all Psychology undergraduates, from those who have studied Maths to A Level to those who find their statistics courses to be the most daunting of their university years. The authors emphasise the importance of developing a 'feel' for data, particularly through visual representation, before statistical tests are discussed in detail. Making extensive use of exploratory data analysis, the text emphasises conceptual understanding. Concepts are introduced and clearly explained, enabling the student to understand the foundations of data analysis in interpreting psychological research. There is an abundant use of examples from psychological research throughout, helping students to get to grips with different forms of data. Flexible approach Can easily be integrated into 'standard courses', but also used to support more mathematicallyorientated courses. Reinforces understanding Avoids the jargon that makes statistics so inaccessible to many Psychology students. Pedagogical features include Socratic dialogues between statisticsaverse students and their lecturers; 'Making Links' boxes to help students see the connections between basic and more complex tests; and innovative comprehension check boxes which encourage students to stop and think before reading on. A new feature, 'Making sense of SPSS', links this conceptual comprehension to the way students mostly carry out their statistical tests. Making Sense of Data and Statistics in Psychology ensures that students have a firm basis in the use of statistics that will serve them for life, not just for the duration of their statistics course. |
| matched pairs design psychology: Introducing Research and Data in Psychology Ann Searle, 2002-01-04 Introducing Research and Data in Psychology shows how research design and data analysis are attainable and useful skills. It introduces both experimental and non-experimental methods of research and the analysis of data using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The uses, interpretation and calculation of common two sample statistical tests are explained. This comprehensive textbook includes the following designed features to help with technique: * Practice exam answers to show how to achieve a higher grade * Chapter summaries * Glossary * Case studies and examples * Exercises and a full bibliography |
| matched pairs design psychology: Psychology for A2 Erika Cox, 2001 Offers an illustrated text that features: summaries of key research studies supported by references at the back of the book; activities to engage the student, including many of a practical nature; and a study of a critical issue at the end of each chapter, highlighting a topic of particular interest. |
| matched pairs design psychology: Explaining Psychological Statistics Barry H. Cohen, 2008 This comprehensive graduate-level statistics text is aimed at students with a minimal background in the area or those who are wary of the subject matter. The new edition of this successful text will continue to offer students a lively and engaging introduction to the field, provide comprehensive coverage of the material, and will also include examples and exercises using common statistical software packages (SPSS). |
| matched pairs design psychology: A2 Level Psychology Michael W. Eysenck, 2017-10-03 This thoroughly updated edition of the bestselling Psychology for A2 Level has been written specifically for the new AQA-A Psychology A2-level specification for teaching from September 2009. It is the ideal follow-up to AS Level Psychology, 4th edition by the same author, but also to any AS-level textbook. This full-colour book, which builds on the ideas and insights explored at AS Level to promote a deeper understanding of psychology, is written in an engaging and accessible style by a highly experienced author. It incorporates contributions, advice and feedback from a host of A-Level teachers and psychologists including Philip Banyard, Evie Bentley, Clare Charles, Diana Dwyer, Mark Griffiths and Craig Roberts. At this level, students select options from a range of specified topics and this book includes chapters on all of the compulsory and optional topics that are on the new A2 syllabus in sufficient depth for the requirements of the course. It has a new focus on the nature and scope of psychology as a science with an emphasis on how science works, and guidance on how to engage students in practical scientific research activities. Presented in a clear, reader-friendly layout, the book is packed with advice on exam technique, hints and tips to give students the best chance possible of achieving the highest grade. The book is supported by our comprehensive package of online student and teacher resources, A2 Psychology Online. Student resources feature a wealth of multimedia materials to bring the subject to life, including our new A2 revision guide and A2 Workbook, multiple choice quizzes, revision question tips, interactive exercises and podcasts by key figures in psychology. Teacher resources include a teaching plan, chapter-by-chapter lecture presentations, and classroom exercises and activities. |
| matched pairs design psychology: Psychology for A-Level Erika Cox, 2001 Precisely targeted at AQA A Level Psychology, specification A. It will also be of interest to those who are new to psychology, and who want to get a flavour of the kinds of topics in which psychologists are interested--Preface, p. vii. |
| matched pairs design psychology: Cambridge International AS and A Level Psychology Coursebook Julia Russell, Fiona Lintern, Jamie Davies, Lizzie Gauntlett, 2016-09 Skills-focused resources to support the study of Cambridge International AS and A Level Psychology (9990) for first examination in 2018. This vibrant coursebook is tailored to the Cambridge International AS and A Level Psychology (9990) syllabus for first examination in 2018 and is endorsed by Cambridge International Examinations. It contains rigorous, comprehensive coverage at the most appropriate level of depth and detail for the course. The coursebook contains extra focus on the key concepts of research methods and ethics as well as crucial debates such as nature versus nurture. The content encourages the development of necessary skills of analysis, interpretation, application and evaluation and promotes understanding of ethical and moral issues and their implications for psychological research. |
| matched pairs design psychology: Edexcel A-level Psychology Student Guide 4: Psychological skills Christine Brain, 2016-06-20 Exam Board: Edexcel Level: A-level Subject: Psychology First Teaching: September 2015 First Exam: June 2016 Reinforce students' understanding throughout their course with clear topic summaries and sample questions and answers to help your students target higher grades. Written by experienced teacher and examiner Christine Brain, our Student Guides are divided into two key sections, content guidance and sample questions and answers. Content guidance will: - Develop students' understanding of key concepts and terminology; this guide covers psychological skills. - Consolidate students' knowledge with 'knowledge check questions' at the end of each topic and answers in the back of the book. Sample questions and answers will: - Build students' understanding of the different question types, so they can approach each question with confidence. - Enable students to target top grades with sample answers and commentary explaining exactly why marks have been awarded. |
| matched pairs design psychology: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Communication Research Methods Mike Allen, 2017-04-11 Communication research is evolving and changing in a world of online journals, open-access, and new ways of obtaining data and conducting experiments via the Internet. Although there are generic encyclopedias describing basic social science research methodologies in general, until now there has been no comprehensive A-to-Z reference work exploring methods specific to communication and media studies. Our entries, authored by key figures in the field, focus on special considerations when applied specifically to communication research, accompanied by engaging examples from the literature of communication, journalism, and media studies. Entries cover every step of the research process, from the creative development of research topics and questions to literature reviews, selection of best methods (whether quantitative, qualitative, or mixed) for analyzing research results and publishing research findings, whether in traditional media or via new media outlets. In addition to expected entries covering the basics of theories and methods traditionally used in communication research, other entries discuss important trends influencing the future of that research, including contemporary practical issues students will face in communication professions, the influences of globalization on research, use of new recording technologies in fieldwork, and the challenges and opportunities related to studying online multi-media environments. Email, texting, cellphone video, and blogging are shown not only as topics of research but also as means of collecting and analyzing data. Still other entries delve into considerations of accountability, copyright, confidentiality, data ownership and security, privacy, and other aspects of conducting an ethical research program. Features: 652 signed entries are contained in an authoritative work spanning four volumes available in choice of electronic or print formats. Although organized A-to-Z, front matter includes a Reader’s Guide grouping entries thematically to help students interested in a specific aspect of communication research to more easily locate directly related entries. Back matter includes a Chronology of the development of the field of communication research; a Resource Guide to classic books, journals, and associations; a Glossary introducing the terminology of the field; and a detailed Index. Entries conclude with References/Further Readings and Cross-References to related entries to guide students further in their research journeys. The Index, Reader’s Guide themes, and Cross-References combine to provide robust search-and-browse in the e-version. |
| matched pairs design psychology: Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology Hugh Coolican, 2017-08-16 This sixth edition of Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology has been fully revised and updated, providing students with the most readable and comprehensive survey of research methods, statistical concepts and procedures in psychology today. Assuming no prior knowledge, this bestselling text takes you through every stage of your research project giving advice on planning and conducting studies, analysing data and writing up reports. The book provides clear coverage of statistical procedures, and includes everything needed from nominal level tests to multi-factorial ANOVA designs, multiple regression and log linear analysis. It features detailed and illustrated SPSS instructions for all these procedures eliminating the need for an extra SPSS textbook. New features in the sixth edition include: Tricky bits - in-depth notes on the things that students typically have problems with, including common misunderstandings and likely mistakes. Improved coverage of qualitative methods and analysis, plus updates to Grounded Theory, Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis and Discourse Analysis. A full and recently published journal article using Thematic Analysis, illustrating how articles appear in print. Discussion of contemporary issues and debates, including recent coverage of journals’ reluctance to publish replication of studies. Fully updated online links, offering even more information and useful resources, especially for statistics. Each chapter contains a glossary, key terms and newly integrated exercises, ensuring that key concepts are understood. A companion website (www.routledge.com/cw/coolican) provides additional exercises, revision flash cards, links to further reading and data for use with SPSS. |
| matched pairs design psychology: AQA Psychology for GCSE: Student Book Cara Flanagan, Dave Berry, Mark Jones, Rob Liddle, Ruth Jones, 2022-10-24 Written by renowned author Cara Flanagan and a highly experienced author team, this Student Book has been approved by AQA, offering high quality support you can trust. // Each topic in the specification is presented on one spread so you can see the whole topic with just the right amount of detail and depth of information. // Spreads are divided into Description (AO1) and Evaluation (AO3) - the two key skills for any topic. // Research methods and mathematical requirements are thoroughly covered in a dedicated chapter plus in 'Apply it' exercises across the book. // Application questions, practice questions and skills guidance are provided for the new assessment objectives and mark schemes. // Each chapter ends with visual summaries, example student answers with comments and test yourself multiple choice questions. |
| matched pairs design psychology: AQA Psychology Michael Eysenck, 2015-04-17 AQA Psychology for AS and A-level Year 1 is the definitive textbook for the new 2015 curriculum. Written by eminent psychologist Professor Michael Eysenck, in collaboration with a team of experienced A-level teachers and examiner, the book enables students not only to pass their exams with flying colours, but also to fully engage with the science of psychology. As well as covering the six core topics students will study, the book includes: Activities which test concepts or hypotheses, bringing theory to life Key research studies explained and explored, showing the basis on which theory has developed Case studies which show how people’s lives are affected by psychological phenomena Evaluation boxes which critically appraise key concepts and theories Self-assessment questions which encourage students to reflect on what they’ve learnt Section summaries to support the understanding of specific ideas – perfect for revision Exam hints which steer students towards complete and balanced answers Key terms defined throughout so students aren’t confused by new language 200 figures, tables and photos End of chapter further reading to enable students to develop a deeper understanding End of chapter revision questions and sample exam papers to consolidate knowledge and practice exam technique A full companion website with a range of further resources for both students and teachers, including revision aids and class materials Incorporating greater coverage of research methods, as well as key statistical techniques, the sixth edition of this well-loved textbook continues to be the perfect introduction to psychology. Accessible yet rigorous, the book is the ideal textbook for students taking either the AS course or year 1 of the A-level. |
| matched pairs design psychology: Research Methods for AQA 'A' Psychology Cara Flanagan, 2005 This activity-based textbook, written for AQA, helps teachers deliver the research methods components of the AQA A Level Psychology specification. It is written by experienced senior examiners who have designed this series to make teaching and learning the research methods component much easier for teachers and students. |
| matched pairs design psychology: AS Psychology Unit 1: Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Research Methods Nicholas Alexandros Savva, 2014-10-28 The exam books have been carefully written using student friendly language and a layout you will find easy to understand. Each topic has been broke down into EXAM NOTES which are more concise than general psychology text books but more comprehensive than standard revision guides. These books have been specially developed and written by experienced teachers and examiners to help students achieve the best possible grade in their psychology exam. ü Reduce frustration - All exam notes are presented in an easy way for you to learn ü Prevent nail biting - No more “I don’t get this!” Key theories and studies are written in an easy peasy friendly way. ü Prevent Hair loss - Don’t pull your hair out over the evaluation part. We have written it all for you! ü Reduce panic attacks - We have given you lots of exam questions at the end of the exam notes to practise (to prevent shock in the real exam if you haven’t seen any before!). ü Prevent confusion - Use the revision checklist as you study to tell you what and how much you need to know. Visit www.psychologyzone.co.uk the only dedicated A Level Psychology website which has over 1000 exam questions and model answers, exam notes, exam advice and much more. Register onto the website and use the examGenerator tool. You can search for exam style questions with model answers or mark schemes and create your own revision or mock paper. |
| matched pairs design psychology: OCR AS Psychology Student Unit Guide New Edition: Unit G541 Psychological Investigations Fiona Lintern, 2012-06-08 Fiona Lintern is a reviser for an examination board. Series editor, David Clarke, is a chartered psychologist with over 25 years' experience as an examiner. |
| matched pairs design psychology: Research Methods in Psychology For Dummies Martin Dempster, Donncha Hanna, 2015-10-13 Your hands-on introduction to research methods in psychology Looking for an easily accessible overview of research methods in psychology? This is the book for you! Whether you need to get ahead in class, you're pressed for time, or you just want a take on a topic that's not covered in your textbook, Research Methods in Psychology For Dummies has you covered. Written in plain English and packed with easy-to-follow instruction, this friendly guide takes the intimidation out of the subject and tackles the fundamentals of psychology research in a way that makes it approachable and comprehensible, no matter your background. Inside, you'll find expert coverage of qualitative and quantitative research methods, including surveys, case studies, laboratory observations, tests and experiments—and much more. Serves as an excellent supplement to course textbooks Provides a clear introduction to the scientific method Presents the methodologies and techniques used in psychology research Written by the authors of Psychology Statistics For Dummies If you're a first or second year psychology student and want to supplement your doorstop-sized psychology textbook—and boost your chances of scoring higher at exam time—this hands-on guide breaks down the subject into easily digestible bits and propels you towards success. |
| matched pairs design psychology: Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences Gregory J. Privitera, 2011-09-07 Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences is an introduction to statistics text that will engage students in an ongoing spirit of discovery by illustrating how statistics apply to modern-day research problems. By integrating instructions, screenshots, and practical examples for using IBM SPSS® Statistics software, the book makes it easy for students to learn statistical concepts within each chapter. Gregory J. Privitera takes a user-friendly approach while balancing statistical theory, computation, and application with the technical instruction needed for students to succeed in the modern era of data collection, analysis, and statistical interpretation. |
| matched pairs design psychology: Methods in Psychological Research Bryan J. Rooney, Annabel Ness Evans, 2018-08-01 Methods in Psychological Research introduces students to the rich world of research in psychology through student-friendly writing, compelling real-world examples, and frequent opportunities for practice. Using a relaxed yet supportive tone that eases student anxiety, the authors present a mixture of conceptual and practical discussions, and spark reader interest in research by covering meaningful topics that resonate with today’s students. In-text features like Conceptual Exercises, FYI sections, and FAQ sections with accompanying visual cues support learning throughout the research experience. The Fourth Edition equips students with the tools they need to understand research concepts, conduct their own experiments, and present their findings. |
| matched pairs design psychology: Crown House WJEC Psychology Nicola Taylor, Kirsty White, 2015-10-24 Edited by Nigel Holt and Rob Lewis, the authors of the hugely successful AS Level Psychology: The Student's Textbook (ISBN 9781845900939) and The Study Guide (ISBN 9781845900953), this new resource rigorously examines what students need to know for the WJEC psychology AS specification. The beautifully designed, easy-to-use textbook comprehensively covers all of the course material and offers exam hints and questions to aid study. The Crown House WJEC Psychology (A level) book will be available later in the year. |
| matched pairs design psychology: Psychology GCSE Revision Guide for Edexcel Ali Abbas, 2019-01-15 If you’re studying for a GCSE in Psychology you’ll need a revision guide that tells you everything you need to know. This accessible and interactive book covers all compulsory and all optional topics on the GCSE Edexcel Psychology syllabus introduced in 2017, including development, memory, psychological problems, brain and neuropsychology, social influence and research methods. It summarises the specification material clearly and attractively, enabling you to easily digest and retain the information ready for your exams. Packed full of revision ideas and techniques designed to help you cement your knowledge, the book includes a number of unique and helpful features, such as: Expert tips from an experienced senior examiner to clarify key points and help you avoid making common errors Sample exam questions to aid practice Active learning tasks, such as key definitions and word gaps Double page spreads outlining the studies you need to know, and their strengths and weaknesses Coverage of the new compulsory mathematical element which was brought into the specification in 2017 Perfect for revising psychological concepts, theories and studies in relation to the three critical assessment objectives, Psychology GCSE Revision Guide for Edexcel is an essential resource for anyone taking a psychology GCSE using the Edexcel specification. |
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| matched pairs design psychology: Statistical Methods in Education and Psychology Gene V. Glass, Kenneth D. Hopkins, 1984 The approach of SMEP-III is conceptual rather than mathematical. The authors stress the understanding, applications, and interpretation of concepts rather than derivation and proof or hand-computation. Copyright © Libri GmbH. All rights reserved. |
| matched pairs design psychology: Pearson Edexcel A-level Psychology Student Guide 3: Psychological skills Christine Brain, 2020-06-29 Reinforce understanding throughout the course with clear topic summaries and sample questions and answers to help students target higher grades. Written by experienced teacher and subject expert Christine Brain, our Student Guides are divided into two key sections - content guidance, and sample questions and answers. Content guidance will: - - Develop understanding of key concepts and terminology; this guide covers psychological skills, including methods, a synoptic review of studies, issues and debates. - Consolidate knowledge with 'knowledge check questions' at the end of each topic and answers in the back of the book. Sample questions and answers will: - - Build understanding of the different question types, so that students can approach each question with confidence. - - Enable students to target top grades in Paper 3 with sample answers and commentary explaining exactly why marks have been awarded. |
| matched pairs design psychology: A Student Guide to Writing an Undergraduate Psychology Honors Thesis Ross Seligman, Lindsay Mitchell, 2022-11-21 A Student Guide to Writing an Undergraduate Psychology Honors Thesis takes students through the entire process of creating a full-scale research project, from selecting a topic, choosing an experimental or correlational design, to writing and presenting their paper. The book offers valuable guidance on developing broader skills like communicating with your supervisor, time management and critical writing skills. Chapters cover topics such as mentor selection, collecting journal articles, gathering and analysing data, and writing a full APA or BPS experimental paper and will orientate and guide psychology students as they navigate the expected components of an honors thesis. Designed for any student that is currently working on an independent research project, A Student Guide to Writing an Undergraduate Psychology Honors Thesis is the perfect companion for those working on their senior honours thesis in psychology. |
| matched pairs design psychology: Psychology GCSE for Edexcel Ali Abbas, 2022-10-12 This accessible and interactive textbook covers all compulsory and optional topics on the GCSE Edexcel Psychology syllabus introduced in 2017, including development, memory, psychological problems, brain and neuropsychology, social influence and research methods. All topics are covered in depth, enabling you to digest and retain the information necessary and be ready for your exams. Packed with ideas and techniques designed to help you cement your knowledge, the book includes a number of unique and helpful features, such as: Expert tips from an experienced senior examiner to clarify key points and help you avoid making common errors New and updated exam questions to aid practice Active learning tasks, such as key definitions and word gaps Double page spreads outlining the studies you need to know, and their strengths and weaknesses Coverage of the new compulsory mathematical element which was brought into the specification in 2017 Perfect for revising psychological concepts, theories and studies in relation to the three critical assessment objectives, Psychology GCSE for Edexcel 2nd Edition is an essential resource for anyone taking a psychology GCSE using the Edexcel specification. |
| matched pairs design psychology: OCR Psychology: AS Revision Guide Cara Flanagan, 2013-10-08 This is a comprehensive student revision guide for those taking the OCR AS Psychology exam. It summarises the specification material clearly and attractively, so that information can be easily digested and retained. Packed full of revision tips and techniques, the book includes a number of unique and helpful features: Overviews of the OCR specification content Coverage of all the core studies A separate chapter dedicated to research methods and preparing for the exam A large number of exam-style questions and answers, annotated with teacher comments Separate sections for each unit exam on how to answer questions successfully A comprehensive glossary of important terms and their definitions, to aid understanding of the material. OCR Psychology: AS Revision Guide provides the detailed information which will aid students in their preparation for the exam. Although a companion to OCR Psychology: AS Core Studies and Psychological Investigations, Third Edition, by Philip Banyard and Cara Flanagan, this revision guide can be used alongside any OCR AS-Level Psychology textbook. |
| matched pairs design psychology: Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology, Fifth Edition Hugh Coolican, 2013-03-07 This fifth edition of Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology has been revised and updated, providing students with the most readable and comprehensive survey of research methods, statistical concepts and procedures in psychology today. The book assumes no prior knowledge, taking you through every stage of your research project in manageable steps. Advice on planning and conducting studies, analysing data and writing up practical reports is given, and examples provided, as well as advice on how to report results in conventional (APA) style. Unlike other introductory texts, there is discussion of commonly misunderstood concepts such as ecological validity, the null hypothesis and the role of cross-cultural psychology studies. Qualitative research is included in the central research methods chapters as well as being highlighted in specialist chapters which cover content analysis, grounded theory, interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), narrative analysis, discourse analysis and how to tackle a qualitative research project. The book provides clear coverage of statistical procedures, and includes everything needed at undergraduate level from nominal level tests to multi-factorial ANOVA designs, multiple regression and log linear analysis. In addition, the book provides detailed and illustrated SPSS instructions (updated to version 16) for all statistical procedures, including data entry and interpreting output, thus eliminating the need for an extra SPSS textbook. Each chapter contains a glossary, key terms and newly integrated exercises, ensuring that key concepts are understood. A companion website (www.routledge.com/cw/coolican) provides additional exercises, revision flash cards, links to further reading and data for use with SPSS. The bestselling research methods text for almost two decades, Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology remains an invaluable resource for students of psychology throughout their studies. |
| matched pairs design psychology: Crown House AQA Psychology Nigel Holt, Rob Lewis, 2015-08-31 This new edition of the Holt and Lewis AQA Psychology textbook offers comprehensive coverage of the new AQA syllabus. Written by two experienced teachers, examiners and textbook authors, this revised edition accommodates the changes to the English AQA specification, with thorough coverage of both AS level and A level year 1. 'Ask an examiner' hints and tips, glossaries, web links and exam-style practice questions provide everything students need to learn and succeed.This easy-to-read, visually engaging textbook also features: evaluations of key studies to encourage reflection and critical analysis, aid understanding and give context; detailed exploration of research methods to help develop analytical and mathematical skills; 'Ask an examiner' hints and tips, practice questions and a section on exam preparation and revision, providing everything students need to prepare for their exams; lists of key terms, QR codes and web links to help explain key issues; carefully chosen images to promote debate and discussion and help ideas stick, colour-coded material for ease of use and checklists to break down everything you need to know for each topic; and clearly identified A level only material, enabling it to be easily distinguished from AS material. |
| matched pairs design psychology: Paper 2 - Psychology in Context Nick & Bethan Redshaw, 2016-09-06 IN BLACK AND WHITE - Updated rewritten for the new specification, this book covers the content for Paper 2 Psychology in Context including Approaches, Research Methods and Biopsychology written by leading authors Nick and Bethan Redshaw |
| matched pairs design psychology: Discovering Research Methods in Psychology L. D. Sanders, 2009-10-06 This study presents a student-friendly introduction to the principal research methodology techniques of psychology. Using a narrative approach, the text explains the complexities of research and the vital role it has played in the development of the field. |
| matched pairs design psychology: Encyclopedia of Research Design Neil J. Salkind, 2010-06-22 Comprising more than 500 entries, the Encyclopedia of Research Design explains how to make decisions about research design, undertake research projects in an ethical manner, interpret and draw valid inferences from data, and evaluate experiment design strategies and results. Two additional features carry this encyclopedia far above other works in the field: bibliographic entries devoted to significant articles in the history of research design and reviews of contemporary tools, such as software and statistical procedures, used to analyze results. It covers the spectrum of research design strategies, from material presented in introductory classes to topics necessary in graduate research; it addresses cross- and multidisciplinary research needs, with many examples drawn from the social and behavioral sciences, neurosciences, and biomedical and life sciences; it provides summaries of advantages and disadvantages of often-used strategies; and it uses hundreds of sample tables, figures, and equations based on real-life cases.--Publisher's description. |
| matched pairs design psychology: Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures, Fifth Edition David J. Sheskin, 2020-06-09 Following in the footsteps of its bestselling predecessors, the Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures, Fifth Edition provides researchers, teachers, and students with an all-inclusive reference on univariate, bivariate, and multivariate statistical procedures.New in the Fifth Edition:Substantial updates and new material th |
| matched pairs design psychology: Basic Principles of Experimental Psychology Otto Zinser, 1984 |
| matched pairs design psychology: AS Introductory Topics and Psychology in Context (Black & White) Nick & Bethan Redshaw, 2015-11-27 IN BLACK AND WHITE - Updated rewritten for the new specification, AQA Year 1 and AS Introductory Topics and Psychology in Context, written by leading A Level Psychology authors Nick and Bethan Redshaw WOW...WOW...WOW - I can't say how truly amazing these resources from Nick and Bethan Redshaware Mrs Jones, Psychology Teacher - Powys Summer 2016 - Hi Nick and Bethan, it went brilliantly! Over 50 per cent of my 51 students got A grades - Head of Psychology, Inner London School with a high proportion of pupil premium students. |
| matched pairs design psychology: The Analysis of Covariance and Alternatives Bradley Huitema, 2011-10-24 A complete guide to cutting-edge techniques and best practices for applying covariance analysis methods The Second Edition of Analysis of Covariance and Alternatives sheds new light on its topic, offering in-depth discussions of underlying assumptions, comprehensive interpretations of results, and comparisons of distinct approaches. The book has been extensively revised and updated to feature an in-depth review of prerequisites and the latest developments in the field. The author begins with a discussion of essential topics relating to experimental design and analysis, including analysis of variance, multiple regression, effect size measures and newly developed methods of communicating statistical results. Subsequent chapters feature newly added methods for the analysis of experiments with ordered treatments, including two parametric and nonparametric monotone analyses as well as approaches based on the robust general linear model and reversed ordinal logistic regression. Four groundbreaking chapters on single-case designs introduce powerful new analyses for simple and complex single-case experiments. This Second Edition also features coverage of advanced methods including: Simple and multiple analysis of covariance using both the Fisher approach and the general linear model approach Methods to manage assumption departures, including heterogeneous slopes, nonlinear functions, dichotomous dependent variables, and covariates affected by treatments Power analysis and the application of covariance analysis to randomized-block designs, two-factor designs, pre- and post-test designs, and multiple dependent variable designs Measurement error correction and propensity score methods developed for quasi-experiments, observational studies, and uncontrolled clinical trials Thoroughly updated to reflect the growing nature of the field, Analysis of Covariance and Alternatives is a suitable book for behavioral and medical scineces courses on design of experiments and regression and the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels. It also serves as an authoritative reference work for researchers and academics in the fields of medicine, clinical trials, epidemiology, public health, sociology, and engineering. |
| matched pairs design psychology: Workshop Statistics Allan J. Rossman, Beth L. Chance, 2011-10-25 Allan Rossman's 4th Edition of Workshop Statistics: Discovery with Data is enhanced from previous issues with more focus and emphasis on collaborative learning. It further requires student observation, and integrates technology for gathering, recording, and synthesizing data. The text offers more flexibility in selecting technology tools for classrooms primarily using technologies other than graphing calculators or Fathom Dynamic Data software. Furthermore, it presents more standards for teaching statistics in an innovative, investigative, and accessible as well as provides in-depth guidance and resources to support active learning of statistics and includes updated real data sets with everyday applications in order to promote statistical literacy. |
| matched pairs design psychology: Introduction to Statistics in Psychology Dennis Howitt, Duncan Cramer, 2005 Introduction to Statistics in Psychology Statistics can be difficult, but this revised 3rd edition of Introduction to Statistics in Psychology makes it much easier. Any psychology student, whether at introductory, intermediate or advanced level will find the book a very useful companion to their statistics course. Introduction to Statistics in Psychology is written in a jargon free style, it is comprehensive and accessible, and laid out with great visual clarity. Complex mathematics are kept to a minimum and concepts that are often difficult to grasp are explained step-by-step, using a wide variety of examples. Introduction to Statistics in Psychology can be used alone or to complement the authors' Introduction to Research Methods in Psychology and Introduction to SPPS in Psychology also published by Prentice Hall. The revised 3rd edition: - Provides a comprehensive guide to understanding a wide range of statistics - Meets student needs at all stages of their course - Teaches how to choose appropriate statistical tests - Describes how to analyse data of all sorts - Provides models of how to report findings - Employs a flexible modular approach for effective study and reference - Requires only a simple understanding of mathematics for success - The best single resource for confidence intervals, statistical power, reliability, meta-analysis, log-linear and other advanced techniques Dennis Howitt and Duncan Cramer are both Readers in Psychology at LoughboroughUniversity |
| matched pairs design psychology: Studying Psychology Andrew Stevenson, 2007-08-24 Stevenson provides students with skills and strategies for writing essays, uundertaking psychological research and using statistics in psychology. This second edition offers more activity-based exercises, as well as containing a number of new extended sections and a new chapter on psychology and everyday life. |
