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Allport's The Nature of Prejudice: A Deep Dive into the Psychology of Bias
Introduction:
Have you ever wondered why prejudice exists? Why do people harbor negative attitudes towards groups different from their own? Gordon Allport's seminal work, The Nature of Prejudice, remains a cornerstone of social psychology, offering profound insights into the origins, development, and consequences of prejudice. This comprehensive guide will delve into Allport's key arguments, exploring his theories on prejudice's nature, its various forms, and strategies for its mitigation. We'll unpack the complex interplay of individual and societal factors contributing to bias and examine practical applications of Allport's groundbreaking research. Prepare to gain a nuanced understanding of a persistent social problem and its potential solutions.
I. Understanding Allport's Conceptualization of Prejudice:
Allport didn't simply describe prejudice; he meticulously defined it. He distinguished between prejudice (a negative attitude) and discrimination (the behavioral manifestation of prejudice). He emphasized that prejudice isn't merely an individual failing but a deeply ingrained social phenomenon shaped by various interacting factors. Allport moved beyond simplistic explanations, acknowledging the complexity of attitudes and behaviors associated with prejudice. His focus on the interplay of individual psychology and social context sets his work apart, offering a more holistic understanding than many prior approaches.
II. The Roots of Prejudice: Individual and Social Factors:
Allport explored multiple sources of prejudice. He identified individual factors such as personality traits (e.g., authoritarianism, intolerance of ambiguity), cognitive biases (e.g., stereotyping, categorization), and learned behaviors (e.g., socialization within prejudiced families or communities). Crucially, he highlighted the role of social factors, such as social learning, group membership, and competition for resources. Prejudice, according to Allport, isn't merely a personal flaw; it's a product of social structures and learned behaviors. He emphasized how social norms and power dynamics perpetuate and reinforce prejudicial attitudes and behaviors. The chapter details the mechanisms through which these factors interact to shape prejudiced beliefs and actions.
III. The Dynamics of Prejudice: From Stereotypes to Discrimination:
Allport detailed the process by which prejudice manifests. He extensively examined the role of stereotypes – oversimplified and generalized beliefs about a group – in shaping prejudice. Stereotypes serve as cognitive shortcuts, allowing individuals to quickly categorize and understand others, but they often lead to inaccurate and unfair judgments. This section will dissect the cognitive processes behind stereotyping and how they contribute to prejudiced attitudes and discriminatory actions. Allport explored the escalation from prejudiced attitudes to discriminatory acts, highlighting the role of social pressure, institutional support, and the dehumanization of the target group.
IV. Contact Hypothesis and Prejudice Reduction:
Allport's work wasn't solely focused on describing prejudice; he actively sought solutions. His "contact hypothesis" proposes that under certain conditions, positive contact between members of different groups can reduce prejudice. This section examines the necessary conditions for successful intergroup contact, including equal status between groups, common goals, cooperation, and support from authorities. Allport highlighted the importance of creating environments where meaningful interaction can challenge existing stereotypes and promote understanding. The limitations of the contact hypothesis and its practical applications in diverse settings are also discussed.
V. Allport's Legacy and Contemporary Relevance:
Despite being written decades ago, The Nature of Prejudice remains remarkably relevant. The book's enduring influence stems from Allport's comprehensive approach and his insightful analysis of the multifaceted nature of prejudice. His work continues to inform contemporary research on prejudice reduction, intergroup relations, and social justice initiatives. This section will discuss the ongoing relevance of Allport's theories in addressing contemporary forms of prejudice, including racism, sexism, homophobia, and xenophobia, emphasizing the need for continued research and proactive strategies to combat bias.
VI. Conclusion: Moving Beyond Prejudice – A Call to Action:
Allport’s work ultimately calls for a societal commitment to challenging prejudice at both individual and systemic levels. It emphasizes the importance of education, critical self-reflection, and the creation of inclusive social environments. This section summarizes the key takeaways from Allport's research and offers a concluding call to action, urging readers to engage in self-reflection, actively challenge prejudice, and contribute to creating a more just and equitable society.
Book Outline: The Nature of Prejudice by Gordon Allport
Introduction: Defining prejudice and discrimination; outlining the scope of the book.
Chapter 1: The nature of prejudice: exploring its psychological and social dimensions.
Chapter 2: The origins of prejudice: individual and social factors.
Chapter 3: The dynamics of prejudice: stereotypes, discrimination, and their interplay.
Chapter 4: The consequences of prejudice: social, political, and personal effects.
Chapter 5: Reducing prejudice: exploring effective strategies and interventions.
Chapter 6: The role of education and social reform.
Chapter 7: The contact hypothesis: conditions for successful intergroup contact.
Chapter 8: Case studies and examples of prejudice reduction initiatives.
Conclusion: A synthesis of findings and a call for continued action.
(Detailed explanation of each point in the outline above is provided in the body of the article itself.)
FAQs:
1. What is the central argument of Allport's The Nature of Prejudice? Allport argues that prejudice is a complex social and psychological phenomenon stemming from individual biases and societal structures, and he offers strategies for its mitigation.
2. How does Allport define prejudice and discrimination? Prejudice is a negative attitude, while discrimination is the behavioral manifestation of that prejudice.
3. What are the main causes of prejudice according to Allport? Individual factors (personality, cognitive biases) and social factors (social learning, group dynamics, competition).
4. What is the contact hypothesis? The idea that positive contact between groups can reduce prejudice under specific conditions.
5. What conditions are necessary for successful intergroup contact? Equal status, common goals, cooperation, and institutional support.
6. How is Allport's work relevant today? His analysis of prejudice remains highly relevant in understanding contemporary forms of bias.
7. What are some practical applications of Allport's theories? Designing intergroup programs, promoting tolerance education, challenging systemic inequalities.
8. What are some criticisms of Allport's work? Some argue his focus on individual-level change overlooks systemic issues.
9. Where can I find more information on Allport's work? Academic databases, libraries, and online resources dedicated to social psychology.
Related Articles:
1. The Psychology of Stereotyping: Explores the cognitive processes underlying stereotype formation and maintenance.
2. Reducing Prejudice Through Education: Examines the role of education in combating bias and promoting tolerance.
3. The Social Identity Theory and Prejudice: Discusses how group identity influences intergroup relations and prejudice.
4. Realistic Conflict Theory and Prejudice: Explains how competition for resources fuels intergroup conflict and prejudice.
5. Authoritarianism and Prejudice: Explores the link between authoritarian personality traits and prejudiced attitudes.
6. Implicit Bias and its Impact on Behavior: Discusses unconscious biases and their influence on decision-making.
7. Intergroup Contact and Prejudice Reduction: A Meta-Analysis: Presents a comprehensive review of research on the effectiveness of intergroup contact.
8. Combating Systemic Racism: Examines institutional structures that perpetuate racial inequality and prejudice.
9. The Role of Media in Perpetuating Stereotypes: Explores how media representations contribute to the formation and reinforcement of stereotypes.
| allport the nature of prejudice: On the Nature of Prejudice John F. Dovidio, Peter Glick, Laurie A. Rudman, 2008-04-15 On the Nature of Prejudice commemorates the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of Gordon Allport’s classic work on prejudice and discrimination by examining the current state of knowledge in the field. A distinguished collection of international scholars considers Allport’s impact on the field, reviews recent developments, and identifies promising directions for future investigation. Organized around Allport's central themes, this book provides a state-of-the-art, comprehensive view of where the field has been, where it is now, and where it is going. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: The Nature of Prejudice Gordon Willard Allport, 1954 Non Aboriginal material; preferential thinking, group differences, sociocultural factors, dynamics of and acquiring prejudice, character structure, reducing group tensions (including legal aspects) |
| allport the nature of prejudice: The Nature Of Prejudice Gordon W. Allport, 1979 The classic psychological study of the roots of discrimination. First published in 1954, The Nature of Prejudice remains the standard work on discrimination. With profound insight into the complexities of the human experience, Harvard psychologist Gordon Allport organized a mass of research to produce a landmark study on the roots and nature of prejudice. Allport's comprehensive and penetrating work examines all aspects of this age-old problem: its roots in individual and social psychology, its varieties of expression, its impact on the individuals and communities. He explores all kinds of prejudice -- racial, religious, ethnic, economic and sexual -- and offers suggestions for reducing the devastating effects of discrimination. In this unabridged edition, a new introduction by Kenneth B. Clark of Columbia University and a new preface by Thomas Pettigrew of Harvard University update the social-psychological research in prejudice and attest to the enduring values of Allport's original theories and insights. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: The Nature of Prejudice Alexander O'Connor, 2017-07-15 Gordon W. Allport's 1954 book The Nature of Prejudice not only helped mold the ways in which psychologists investigate prejudice - it also shaped US society as a whole, making a substantial contribution to the Civil Rights Movement and America's anti-discrimination and anti-segregation laws. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice Fiona Kate Barlow, Chris G. Sibley, 2018-10-11 This concise student edition of The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice includes new pedagogical features and instructor resources. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: Stereotyping and Prejudice Charles Stangor, Christian S. Crandall, 2013-07-24 This volume presents a contemporary and comprehensive overview of the great diversity of theoretical interests, new ideas, and practical applications that characterize social psychological approaches to stereotyping and prejudice. All the contributions are written by renowned scholars in the field, with some chapters focusing on fundamental principles, including research questions about the brain structures that help us categorize and judge others, the role of evolution in prejudice, and how prejudice relates to language, communication, and social norms. Several chapters review a new dimension that has frequently been understudied—the role of the social context in creating stereotypes and prejudice. Another set of chapters focuses on applications, particularly how stereotypes and prejudice really matter in everyday life. These chapters include studies of their impact on academic performance, their role in small group processes, and their influence on everyday social interactions. The volume provides an essential resource for students, instructors, and researchers in social and personality psychology, and is also an invaluable reference for academics and professionals in related fields who have an interest in the origins and effects of stereotyping and prejudice. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: The Psychology of Prejudice Lynne M. Jackson, 2020 This second edition presents a significantly updated overview the social, developmental, evolutionary, and personality roots of prejudice, along with contemporary examples of prejudicial attitudes and strategies for combating them. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: Becoming Gordon Willard Allport, 1955-01-01 An assessment of basic psychological concepts based on the premise that an individual's character is developed in terms of his own uniqueness. Bibliogs |
| allport the nature of prejudice: The Psychology of Closed Mindedness Arie W. Kruglanski, 2013-02-01 The fundamental phenomenon of human closed-mindedness is treated in this volume. Prior psychological treatments of closed-mindedness have typically approached it from a psychodynamic perspective and have viewed it in terms of individual pathology. By contrast, the present approach stresses the epistemic functionality of closed-mindedness and its essential role in judgement and decision-making. Far from being restricted to a select group of individuals suffering from an improper socialization, closed-mindedness is something we all experience on a daily basis. Such mundane situational conditions as time pressure, noise, fatigue, or alcoholic intoxication, for example, are all known to increase the difficulty of information processing, and may contribute to one's experienced need for nonspecific closure. Whether constituting a dimension of stable individual differences, or being engendered situationally - the need for closure, once aroused, is shown to produce the very same consequences. These fundamentally include the tendency to 'seize' on early, closure-affording 'evidence', and to 'freeze' upon it thus becoming impervious to subsequent, potentially important, information. Though such consequences form a part of the individual's personal experience, they have significant implications for interpersonal, group and inter-group phenomena as well. The present volume describes these in detail and grounds them in numerous research findings of theoretical and 'real world' relevance to a wide range of topics including stereotyping, empathy, communication, in-group favouritism and political conservatism. Throughout, a distinction is maintained between the need for a nonspecific closure (i.e., any closure as long as it is firm and definite) and needs for specific closures (i.e., for judgments whose particular contents are desired by an individual). Theory and research discussed in this book should be of interest to upper level undergraduates, graduate students and faculty in social, cognitive, and personality psychology as well as in sociology, political science and business administration. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: An Analysis of Gordon W. Allport's The Nature of Prejudice Alexander O’Connor, 2017-07-05 Gordon W. Allport’s 1954 book The Nature of Prejudice not only helped mold the ways in which psychologists investigate prejudice – it also shaped US society as a whole, making a substantial contribution to the Civil Rights Movement and America’s anti-discrimination and anti-segregation laws. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: Understanding Prejudice, Racism, and Social Conflict Martha Augoustinos, Katherine Jane Reynolds, 2001-09-25 `This book stands out for a number of reasons...the result is an authoritative, provocative and challenging collection, which will doubtless help to stimulate further debate in the field′ Susan Condor, Department of Psychology, Lancaster University `The authors are to be commended for assembling an unusually stimulating collection of chapters...the book is clearly distinguished by the breadth of its coverage and the theoretical insights it offers. It is a valuable addition to any collection on this topic′ Jack Dovidio, Department of Psychology, Colgate University `This is a comprehensive text that is extremely well written by top social psychologists, with all of the major theoretical perspectives represented. The editors should be commended for putting together this lively and engaging text′ Nyla Branscombe, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas A range of international events have recently focused attention on issues of prejudice, racism and social conflict: increasing tensions in former Eastern bloc countries, political conflict in Northern Ireland and the United States, as well as racial conflict in the Baltic States, Middle East, Africa, and Australasia. In light of these events, Understanding Prejudice, Racism and Social Conflict presents a timely and important update to the literature, and makes a fascinating textbook for all students who need to study the subject. A variety of theoretical and conceptual approaches are necessary to fully understand the themes of prejudice and racism. This textbook successfully presents these, uniquely, by examining how these themes manifest themselves at different levels - at the individual, interpersonal, intergroup and institutional levels. It aims to integrate the different approaches to understanding racism and prejudice and to suggest new ways to study these complex issues. This integrated, international focus should make it key reading for students in many countries. With contributions from world-leading figures, Understanding Prejudice, Racism and Social Conflict should prove to be an invaluable teaching resource, and an accessible volume for students in social psychology, as well as some neighbouring disciplines. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: Linked Gordon Korman, 2021-07-20 An unforgettable novel from the New York Times bestseller Gordon Korman Link, Michael, and Dana live in a quiet town. But it's woken up very quickly when someone sneaks into school and vandalizes it with a swastika. Nobody can believe it. How could such a symbol of hate end up in the middle of their school? Who would do such a thing? Because Michael was the first person to see it, he's the first suspect. Because Link is one of the most popular guys in school, everyone's looking to him to figure it out. And because Dana's the only Jewish girl in the whole town, everyone's treating her more like an outsider than ever. The mystery deepens as more swastikas begin to appear. Some students decide to fight back and start a project to bring people together instead of dividing them further. The closer Link, Michael, and Dana get to the truth, the more there is to face-not just the crimes of the present, but the crimes of the past. With Linked, Gordon Korman, the author of the acclaimed novel Restart, poses a mystery for all readers where the who did it? isn't nearly as important as the why? |
| allport the nature of prejudice: Processes of Prejudice Dominic Abrams, Great Britain. Equality and Human Rights Commission, 2010 |
| allport the nature of prejudice: The End of Trauma George A. Bonanno, 2021-09-07 With “groundbreaking research on the psychology of resilience” (Adam Grant), a top expert on human trauma argues that we vastly overestimate how common PTSD is in and fail to recognize how resilient people really are. After 9/11, mental health professionals flocked to New York to handle what everyone assumed would be a flood of trauma cases. Oddly, the flood never came. In The End of Trauma, pioneering psychologist George A. Bonanno argues that we failed to predict the psychological response to 9/11 because most of what we understand about trauma is wrong. For starters, it’s not nearly as common as we think. In fact, people are overwhelmingly resilient to adversity. What we often interpret as PTSD are signs of a natural process of learning how to deal with a specific situation. We can cope far more effectively if we understand how this process works. Drawing on four decades of research, Bonanno explains what makes us resilient, why we sometimes aren’t, and how we can better handle traumatic stress. Hopeful and humane, The End of Trauma overturns everything we thought we knew about how people respond to hardship. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: Understanding Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Committee on Population, Panel on Race, Ethnicity, and Health in Later Life, 2004-09-08 As the population of older Americans grows, it is becoming more racially and ethnically diverse. Differences in health by racial and ethnic status could be increasingly consequential for health policy and programs. Such differences are not simply a matter of education or ability to pay for health care. For instance, Asian Americans and Hispanics appear to be in better health, on a number of indicators, than White Americans, despite, on average, lower socioeconomic status. The reasons are complex, including possible roles for such factors as selective migration, risk behaviors, exposure to various stressors, patient attitudes, and geographic variation in health care. This volume, produced by a multidisciplinary panel, considers such possible explanations for racial and ethnic health differentials within an integrated framework. It provides a concise summary of available research and lays out a research agenda to address the many uncertainties in current knowledge. It recommends, for instance, looking at health differentials across the life course and deciphering the links between factors presumably producing differentials and biopsychosocial mechanisms that lead to impaired health. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: Prejudice in Harry Potter's World Karen A. Brown, 2008 Crisp, insightful, engaging, and thoroughly researched, Prejudice in Harry Potter's World turns the tables on literary critique. Brown shows uncommon, in-depth knowledge of the Harry Potter canon. And she delves straight into her analysis of social themes in J.K. Rowling's work without pulling any punches. First, the book provides a detailed outline of the social hierarchy in the so-called wizarding world. Then, the author offers perceptive and highly relevant commentaries. Each chapter focuses on how a select group contributes to wizarding society and helps to maintain the social order.whether by embracing their own oppression or by oppressing others. What are some of the consequences of institutional discrimination in Harry Potter's world and how do they compare with social trends in the real world? This book provides all the answers. Not authorized by J.K. Rowling. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: Letters from Jenny Jenny Gove Masterson (pseud.), 1965 This is a collection of documents long famous among psychologists: the letters of a mature woman written to two remote friends over twelve years, mostly about her estranged son. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: Beyond Prejudice John Dixon, Mark Levine, 2012-01-12 The concept of prejudice has profoundly influenced how we have investigated, explained and tried to change intergroup relations of discrimination and inequality. But what has this concept contributed to our knowledge of relations between groups and what has it obscured or misrepresented? How has it expanded or narrowed the horizons of psychological inquiry? How effective or ineffective has it been in guiding our attempts to transform social relations and institutions? In this book, a team of internationally renowned psychologists re-evaluate the concept of prejudice, in an attempt to move beyond conventional approaches to the subject and to help the reader gain a clearer understanding of relations within and between groups. This fresh look at prejudice will appeal to scholars and students of social psychology, sociology, political science and peace studies. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: The Nature of Prejudice Cristian Tileagă, 2015-06-12 This book offers a critical synthesis of social psychology’s contribution to the study of contemporary racism, and proposes a critical reframing of our understanding of prejudice in European society today. Chapters place a special emphasis on the diversity and intensity of prejudices against Romani people in a liberal, progressive, decent, enlarged Europe. Chapters ask how we can reconcile the European creed of law, justice and freedom for all, with social and political practices that exclude and degrade Romani people. This volume addresses the need for a deeper recognition of societal foundations of ideologies of moral exclusion, and calls for a closer and more thorough investigation of prejudices that stem from the societal transformation, diminution or denial of moral worth of human beings (and the various conditions and contexts that create and promote it). By opening new intellectual dialogues, the book reinvigorates a renewed social psychology of racism, and creates a broader foundation for the exploration of the various, active paradoxes at the heart of the social expression of prejudice in liberal democracies. The Nature of Prejudice is essential reading for academics, researchers and postgraduate students interested in both the quantitative and qualitative study of discrimination, inequality and social exclusion. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: The Social Psychology of Prejudice John Duckitt, 1994-09-30 This book considers the importance of a scientific understanding of prejudice and racism, different approaches to the definition and conceptualization of prejudice, and the relation of prejudice and behavior, and provides a unique historical analysis of social scientific understandings of prejudice. Duckitt integrates an otherwise confusing mass of popular theories and perspectives into a coherent explanatory framework, and develops a systematic multilevel approach to the problem of reducing prejudice in society and individuals. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: The SAGE Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination John F Dovidio, 2010-08-05 The SAGE Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination provides comprehensive coverage on the state of research, critical analysis and promising avenues for further study on prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination. Each chapter presents in-depth reviews of specific topics, describing the current state of knowledge and identifying the most productive new directions for future research. Representing both traditional and emerging perspectives, this multi-disiplinary and truly international volume will serve as a seminal resource for students and scholars. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: Are Racists Crazy? Sander L. Gilman, James Thomas, 2016-12-20 Introduction -- Psychopathology and difference from the nineteenth century to the present -- The long, slow burn from pathological accounts of race to racial attitudes as pathological -- Hatred and the crowd: World War I and the rise of a psychology of racism -- The Holocaust and post-war theories of antisemitism and racism -- Race and madness in mid-twentieth-century America and beyond -- The modern pathologization of racism -- Conclusion: the specter of science in twenty-first-century racial discourse |
| allport the nature of prejudice: The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, Models and Theories , 2020-11-04 Volume 1, Models and Theories of The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences The Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences (EPID) is organized into four volumes that look at the many likenesses and differences between individuals. Each of these four volumes focuses on a major content area in the study of personality psychology and individuals' differences. The first volume, Models and Theories, surveys the significant classic and contemporary viewpoints, perspectives, models, and theoretical approaches to the study of personality and individuals' differences (PID). The second volume on Measurement and Assessment examines key classic and modern methods and techniques of assessment in the study of PID. Volume III, titled Personality Processes and Individuals Differences, covers the important traditional and current dimensions, constructs, and traits in the study of PID. The final volume discusses three major categories: clinical contributions, applied research, and cross-cultural considerations, and touches on topics such as culture and identity, multicultural identities, cross-cultural examinations of trait structures and personality processes, and more. Each volume contains approximately 100 entries on personality and individual differences written by a diverse international panel of leading psychologists Covers significant classic and contemporary personality psychology models and theories, measurement and assessment techniques, personality processes and individuals differences, and research Provides a comprehensive and in-depth overview of the field of personality psychology The Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences is an important resource for all psychology students and professionals engaging in the study and research of personality. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: Intergroup Contact Theory Loris Vezzali, Sofia Stathi, 2016-12-08 Intergroup contact theory has been one of the most influential theories in social psychology since it was first formulated by Gordon Allport in 1954. This volume highlights, via a critical lens, the most notable recent developments in the field, demonstrating its vitality and its capacity for reinvention and integration with a variety of seemingly distinct research areas. In the last two decades, the research focus has been on the variables that explain why contact improves intergroup attitudes and when the contact-prejudice relationship is stronger. Current research highlights that contact is not a panacea for prejudice, but it can represent a useful tool that can contribute to the improvement of intergroup relations. The book includes coverage of a number of previously under-researched fields, which extend the full potential of contact theory within the personality, acculturation and developmental domains. The chapters also examine the methodological advances in the field and the applied implications. The book offers a rich picture of the state of the field and future directions for research that will be invaluable to students and scholars working in social psychology and related disciplines. It aims to provide fertile ground for the development of new, exciting and dynamic research ideas in intergroup relations. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: Personality Traits: Their Classification and Measurement Floyd Henry Allport, 2018-11-13 |
| allport the nature of prejudice: Stigma I. Katz, 2014-01-14 First published in 1982. How do we account for such inconsistencies in public policy toward the disadvantaged? In instances where the civil rights of minority groups have been neglected, their relative lack of political power has no doubt been a factor, particularly when their demands have threatened the interests of the majority. Prejudice also plays a role. This book describes a program of research on people's reactions to blacks and the physically handicapped, categories that were selected because they seemed to be representative of a whole range of social classes that are generally seen as deviant but also as disadvantaged in their pursuit of life goals. The assumption is that this dual perception generates both hostile and compassionate dispositions. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: Stereotypes and Prejudice Charles Stangor, 2000 First Published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology: 3 American Psychopathological Association, 2022-10-27 This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: When Groups Meet Thomas F. Pettigrew, Linda R. Tropp, 2013-06-17 Research and theory on intergroup contact have become one of the fastest advancing and most exciting fields in social psychology in recent years. The work is exciting because it combines basic social psychological concerns -- human interaction, situational influences on behavior -- with an effective means of improving intergroup relations at a time when the world is witnessing widespread intergroup hatred and strife. This volume provides an overview of this rapidly progressing area of investigation – its origins and early work, its current status and recent developments, along with criticisms of this work and suggestions for future directions. It covers a range of research findings involving contact between groups drawn from the authors’ extensive meta-analysis of 515 published studies on intergroup contact. This meta-analysis, together with the authors’ renowned research on intergroup contact, provides a solid foundation and broad overview of the field, to which have been added discussions of research extensions and emerging directions. When Groups Meet is a rich, comprehensive overview of classic and contemporary work on intergroup contact, and provides insights into where this work is headed in the future. For research specialists, this volume not only serves as a sourcebook for research and theory on intergroup contact, it also provides the entire 515-item bibliography from the meta-analysis. The clear structure and accessible writing style will also appeal to advanced undergraduate and graduate students in psychology and other social sciences. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development Sam Goldstein, Jack A. Naglieri, 2010-11-23 This reference work breaks new ground as an electronic resource. Utterly comprehensive, it serves as a repository of knowledge in the field as well as a frequently updated conduit of new material long before it finds its way into standard textbooks. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: Personality Gordon Willard Allport, 1971 |
| allport the nature of prejudice: Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning Norbert M. Seel, 2011-10-05 Over the past century, educational psychologists and researchers have posited many theories to explain how individuals learn, i.e. how they acquire, organize and deploy knowledge and skills. The 20th century can be considered the century of psychology on learning and related fields of interest (such as motivation, cognition, metacognition etc.) and it is fascinating to see the various mainstreams of learning, remembered and forgotten over the 20th century and note that basic assumptions of early theories survived several paradigm shifts of psychology and epistemology. Beyond folk psychology and its naïve theories of learning, psychological learning theories can be grouped into some basic categories, such as behaviorist learning theories, connectionist learning theories, cognitive learning theories, constructivist learning theories, and social learning theories. Learning theories are not limited to psychology and related fields of interest but rather we can find the topic of learning in various disciplines, such as philosophy and epistemology, education, information science, biology, and – as a result of the emergence of computer technologies – especially also in the field of computer sciences and artificial intelligence. As a consequence, machine learning struck a chord in the 1980s and became an important field of the learning sciences in general. As the learning sciences became more specialized and complex, the various fields of interest were widely spread and separated from each other; as a consequence, even presently, there is no comprehensive overview of the sciences of learning or the central theoretical concepts and vocabulary on which researchers rely. The Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning provides an up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the specific terms mostly used in the sciences of learning and its related fields, including relevant areas of instruction, pedagogy, cognitive sciences, and especially machine learning and knowledge engineering. This modern compendium will be an indispensable source of information for scientists, educators, engineers, and technical staff active in all fields of learning. More specifically, the Encyclopedia provides fast access to the most relevant theoretical terms provides up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the most important theories within the various fields of the learning sciences and adjacent sciences and communication technologies; supplies clear and precise explanations of the theoretical terms, cross-references to related entries and up-to-date references to important research and publications. The Encyclopedia also contains biographical entries of individuals who have substantially contributed to the sciences of learning; the entries are written by a distinguished panel of researchers in the various fields of the learning sciences. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: Fifty Years of Personality Psychology Kenneth H. Craik, Robert Hogan, Raymond N. Wolfe, 2013-06-29 Assembling original papers by the field's foremost investigators, this history demonstrates the continuity and progress made across five decades of personality psychology research. In addition to providing a historical perspective for the discipline, the work aims to inspire a more coherent agenda for future research. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: Stereotype Accuracy Yueh-Ting Lee, Lee J. Jussim, Clark R. McCauley, 1995 This provocative book challenges conventional thinking that stereotypes are always inaccurate, exaggerated, and generally destructive by daring to look at stereotyping empirically. The chapters provide insights into how stereotyping may help us manage information without necessarily being destructive. They also unearth the complex cognitive and attitudinal processes that underlie stereotyping, so we may harness these processes to better understand group differences and to promote greater respect for those we see as different from ourselves. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: Introductory Psychology Tony Malim, Ann Birch, 1998 Biological bases pf behaviour - Cognition - Animal behaviour - Human development - Social psychology - Personality and abnormal behaviour - Research methods and statistics. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: The Person in Psychology Gordon Willard Allport, 1968 |
| allport the nature of prejudice: The Behavioral Foundations of Public Policy Eldar Shafir, 2013 Includes bibliographical references and index. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: White Awareness Judy H. Katz, 1978 Stage 1. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: Prejudice and Racism James M. Jones, 1997 Primarily discussing black-white relations, this book provides a useful paradigm for examining and understanding broader issues of prejudice and racism, and allows students to understand the factors which lead to these contemporary social problems. |
| allport the nature of prejudice: Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination Bernard E. Whitley (Jr.), Mary E. Kite, 2016 |
